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WASHINGTON, Sept. 12 (Xinhua) -- An enzyme that appears to play a role in controlling the brain's response to nicotine and alcohol in mice might be a promising target for a drug that simultaneously would treat nicotine addiction and alcohol abuse in people, U.S. researchers find.Over the course of four weeks, mice genetically engineered to lack the gene for protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon consumed less of a nicotine-containing water solution than normal mice, and were less likely to return to a chamber in which they had been given nicotine. In contrast, normal mice steadily increased their consumption of nicotine solution while the mice lacking PKC epsilon did not.The study conducted by researchers at the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, appeared Monday in the online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.In normal mice, as in humans, nicotine binds to a certain class of nicotinic receptors located on dopamine neurons, which causes dopamine to be released in the brain. Dopamine creates a feeling of enjoyment, and thus prompts a sense of reward. Researchers found that mice lacking PKC epsilon are deficient in these nicotinic receptors.The finding complements earlier research in which researchers found that mice genetically engineered to lack the PKC epsilon enzyme drank less alcohol than normal mice and were disinclined to return to a chamber in which they had been given alcohol."This could mean that these mice might not get the same sense of reward from nicotine or alcohol," said Gallo senior associate director and investigator Robert Messing. "The enzyme looks like it regulates the part of the reward system that involves these nicotinic receptors."The reward system is a complex of areas in the brain that affect craving for nicotine, alcohol and other addictive substances.The next step in the research, said Messing, would be to develop compounds that inhibit PKC epsilon. The ultimate goal, he added, would be medications that could be used "to take the edge off of addiction by helping people get over some of their reward craving."

BEIJING, Aug. 3 (Xinhuanet) -- NASA Tuesday confirmed a 4-foot in diameter sphere debris as a fuel tank that was part of the space shuttle Columbia's electrical power system,according to U.S. news reports.NASA engineers identified the 4-foot piece of spherical debris as one of the18 tanks that held chilled oxygen and hydrogen used by the shuttle's electricity-generating fuel cells.This Aug. 1, 2011 handout photo provided by the Nacogdoches Police Department shows a 4-feet in diameter sphere found in Lake Nacogdoches, Texas on Monday, Aug. 1. Police say low water levels at the lake during the drought have led to recovery of a container-like object that could be from space shuttle Columbia. The shuttle broke apart and burned in February 2003, scattering remnants over East TexasPolice in the city of Nacogdoches, about 160 miles northeast of Houston, said Monday the low water levels of Lake Nacogdoches during the record drought revealed an unexpected object that could be from space shuttle Columbia. The shuttle broke apart and burned as it re-entered the atmosphere on February 1, 2003.The tank will be moved to the Kennedy Space Center, where the rest of the Columbia is stored. Approximately 40 percent of the spacecraft has been recovered.

LOS ANGELES, June 20 (Xinhua) -- About 8 percent of children, or nearly 6 million in the U.S., have a food allergy, a much higher rate than previously estimated, a new study suggests.Not only is this estimate higher than some previous research has reported, allergic reactions are often severe and that many kids have more than one allergy, according to the study published online in Pediatrics on Monday.Of the children with confirmed (or probable) food allergies, about 39 percent had had severe reactions in the past, and 30 percent had more than one allergy, the study found.In the current study, researchers at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine surveyed parents of more than 38,000 children about whether their child had been diagnosed with a food allergy and had one or more of a number of symptoms, including anaphylaxis; swelling of the lips, eyes or face and skin rashes or hives.The study pinned down peanuts (25 percent of food-allergic children), milk (21 percent) and shellfish (17 percent) as the top three allergens.Severe reactions were most common among children with tree nut (more than 50 percent) and fin fish (more than 40 percent) allergies. The reactions were more likely among 14- to 17-year- olds compared with 0- to 2-year-olds, and more likely in children with multiple food allergies, the study found."These findings provide critical epidemiologic information to guide strategies for the prevention of food-induced reactions and for the diagnosis and management of childhood food allergies," the study noted.

SAN FRANCISCO, Sept. 22 (Xinhua) -- Former eBay Chief Executive Officer and California governor candidate Meg Whitman on Thursday was named Hewlett-Packard's new CEO, replacing Leo Apotheker who served 11 months on the job."We are fortunate to have someone of Meg Whitman's caliber and experience step up to lead HP," said the California-based company in a statement."We are at a critical moment and we need renewed leadership to successfully implement our strategy and take advantage of the market opportunities ahead," said the troubled tech giant.It noted that the job of the HP CEO now requires additional attributes to successfully execute on the company's strategy, adding Whitman "has the right operational and communication skills and leadership abilities to deliver improved execution and financial performance.""I am honored and excited to lead HP. I believe HP matters -- it matters to Silicon Valley, California, the country and the world," said Whitman in a statement.Whitman, 55, joined the HP board in January and served as president and CEO of eBay from 1998 to 2008, when she led the company through its initial public offering and massive growth.During her last years at eBay, she is blamed for not being able to halt the sales slowdown and overpaying for the 2005 acquisition of Skype with 4.1 billion dollars. In 2009, Skype was sold by eBay at a valuation of 2.75 billion dollars.Whitman won the Republican nomination for governor of California in 2010. She lost the election to Gov. Jerry Brown after spending more than 140 million dollars of her own fortune on the campaign. EnditemHP said the appointments are effective immediately, following the decision that Apotheker stepped down as president and CEO and resigned as a director of the company.Multiple U.S. media reported on Wednesday that Apotheker was to be ousted, sending HP shares soaring on the market and in the after-hour trading.Apotheker, 58, was named HP CEO 11 months ago to replace Mark Hurd, who was ousted due to a scandal over a personal relationship with a company contractor and then became co-president of Oracle. Before HP, Apotheker had served as CEO of German software giant SAP for 10 months.On Aug. 18, Apotheker announced that HP will shut down its mobile business, spin off its core personal computer business and transfer into a cloud-based software and services provider for businesses including a 10.3 billion-dollar acquisition of British software company Autonomy.Shares of the company plunged 20 percent the following day, the worst one-day loss since Black Monday in 1987.On Sept. 30, 2010, the day before Apotheker's appointment as HP CEO, the tech giant's stock closed at 42.04 dollars. On Tuesday, the price closed at 22.47 dollars, a decrease of 46.6 percent in less than a year.On Monday, HP was reported to begin sending over 500 employees pink slips in the WebOS division, after announcing to stop making WebOS devices in August.

BERLIN, June 8 (Xinhua) -- German health minister Daniel Bahr expressed cautious hope Wednesday for an end to the wave of E. coli infections as authorities reported two more deaths and more than 300 new cases."I can't give an all-clear, but after the analysis of the latest data we have reasons for hope, as the number of new infections is continuously dropping," Bahr told local public television ARD before an emergency meeting in Berlin with European Union Health Commissioner John Dalli."Unfortunately, there will be new cases and more deaths have to be expected, but overall new infections are clearly going down," he said.On the same day, Germany's national disease control center, the Robert Koch Institute, said the number of reported cases in Germany had risen by more than 300 to 2,648. Nearly 700 of those affected have been taken to hospital with a serious complication that can cause kidney failure.The Institute did not fully support Bahr's optimism. It said there was a declining trend in new cases but added it was not clear whether this was because the outbreak was truly waning or because consumers were staying away from the raw vegetables believed to be the source of the E. coli.The German government has faced increasing criticism from abroad and at home over its dealing with the crisis. It was twice wrong in naming the source of the outbreak and it has been criticized for a lack of coordination between research institutes.Dalli was quoted by local daily Die Welt as saying, "we have to rely on the experience and expertise across Europe, and even outside Europe."The Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin also called for a federal government representative to coordinate the various government agencies dealing with the disease to eliminate mixed messages.