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 Two 250,000-year-old teeth from two Neanderthal children revealed that both of them were exposed to lead twice during their short lifetimes, the first known case of lead exposure in Neanderthals.An international team of researchers studied the two teeth, as well as one from a modern human child who lived 5,000 years ago. All of them are from the same archaeological site in southeast France. The results of their analysis were published Wednesday in the journal Science Advances."Traditionally, people thought lead exposure occurred in populations only after industrialization, but these results show it happened prehistorically, before lead had been widely released into the environment," said Christine Austin, study co-author and assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. "Our team plans to analyze more teeth from our ancestors and investigate how lead exposures may have affected their health and how that may relate to how our bodies respond to lead today."And as with tree rings, researchers used the teeth to determine key events in the children's lives. During childhood, new teeth layers are formed each day, capturing chemical signatures that can be traced."Teeth record environmental variation based on the climate, even where you're growing up," said Tanya Smith, lead author of the study and associate professor at Griffith University. "That's possible because when you're growing, your teeth you actually lock in a record of the chemistry of the water and the food that you're eating and drinking. Because teeth have these tiny timelines, we can relate the chemistry to the growth to calculate ancient climate records. We can't do that with any other element of the body."They were able to determine that one of the Neanderthal children was born in the spring and that both children were more likely to be sick during the colder winter seasons. They lived through more extreme seasons with a greater variation in temperature than the modern human child who was also studied.The intact teeth had growth rings, which the researchers used to measure barium, lead and oxygen. Lasers targeted tiny spots in the teeth to map their chemistry and reconstruct ancient climate records. This reconstruction was able to map a weekly scale of variation, showing when the summer and winter seasons happened and how long they lasted. The researchers related this back to the individual's growth."This study reports a major breakthrough in the reconstruction of ancient climates, a significant factor in human evolution, as temperature and precipitation cycles influenced the landscapes and food resources our ancestors relied on," Smith said.The growth rings also provided evidence of nursing."We were able to identify milk intake through breastfeeding in one individual based on a trace element called barium," Smith said. "We were able to time that to the season."That individual nursed for 2? years, which is similar to modern human children who lived in hunter-gatherer environments. "This is something we may share in common with Neanderthals," Smith said. Unfortunately, although the Neanderthal child survived infancy, it did not reach adulthood. The ages of the children were not included in the study.The researchers believe that the children were exposed to lead environmentally, either inhaling or ingesting it."That must have come from natural deposits in the area, whether they were going into an underground environment or they were eating contaminated food that was incorporated into their growing bones and teeth," Smith said.Smith believes that this research emphasizes the different levels of information that can be taken from teeth."We've now got the ability to integrate ancient climate data with health history, nursing history and illness," she said. "To be able to get all that information from a single sample 250,000 years ago is a unique opportunity."But this doesn't just apply to studying those who lived before us."Dietary patterns in our early life have far-reaching consequences for our health, and by understanding how breastfeeding evolved, we can help guide the current population on what is good breastfeeding practice," said Manish Arora, study co-author and vice chairman of the Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health at the Icahn School of Medicine. "Our research team is working on applying these techniques in contemporary populations to study how breastfeeding alters health trajectories including those of neurodevelopment, cardiac health and other high-priority health outcomes." 4648

"Parks and Recreation" has been off the air for nearly four years, but that didn't stop the show from becoming a political lightning rod on Wednesday evening.The show's creator and some cast members were appalled that the National Rifle Association used a GIF of Leslie Knope, the show's main character, in a tweet thanking spokeswoman Dana Loesch for defending gun rights at a CNN Town Hall on Wednesday".@DLoesch thank you for being the voice of over 5 Million #NRA members," the tweet read alongside a GIF of Amy Poehler's character saying "thank you." .@DLoesch thank you for being the voice of over 5 Million #NRA members. pic.twitter.com/WDz7vujXfM— NRA (@NRA) February 22, 2018 702

(AP) - The Stanislaus County Sheriff’s Department released new photographs Friday in its search for the man suspected of shooting and killing a Newman Police officer. Cpl. Ronal Singh, who emigrated from his native Fiji, was shot at about 1 a.m. Wednesday after stopping a suspected drunken driver in Newman, southeast of San Francisco in the San Joaquin Valley. There was a gunfight as Singh "absolutely tried to defend himself" but he apparently didn't hit the suspect, Stanislaus County Sheriff Adam Christianson, whose agency is leading the investigation, said Thursday. The man suspected of killing him the day after Christmas remained at large Friday despite a manhunt and was considered armed and dangerous. While law enforcement agencies throughout California had been alerted, the man was believed to still be in the local area. "We will find him, we will arrest him and we will bring him to justice," the sheriff said. Investigators Thursday searched a farmhouse in the town of El Nido in neighboring Merced County but didn't find the suspect, authorities said. His name wasn't released but he was in the United States illegally. "He doesn't belong here. He is a criminal," Christianson said Thursday. Singh was the first officer to die in the line of duty, Chief Randy Richardson said. Singh, a 33-year-old with a newborn son, was an "American patriot," the chief said. "He came to America with one purpose, and that was to serve this country," Richardson said. Singh drove more than two hours each way to attend the police academy in Yuba City, Richardson said. He joined the Merced County sheriff's office as a reserve officer and worked as an animal control officer in Turlock before being hired by the Newman force in 2011. English was Singh's third language and he had a thick accent but took speech classes to improve his communication, the chief said. Singh is survived by his wife, Anamika, and their 5-month-old son. "Please help us find this coward," Richardson said of Singh's killer. "We need closure, his family needs closure." 2059

ALEXANDRIA, Va. (AP) -- A top lieutenant to drug kingpin Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman has been sentenced to life in prison in a Virginia courtroom. Damaso Lopez, a leader in Mexico's Sinaloa drug cartel, pleaded guilty in September in an Alexandria federal court to drug trafficking charges after being extradited from Mexico earlier this year. Friday's life sentence was expected after both sides agreed to a life term as part of a plea bargain. In court papers, Lopez admitted he was a senior leader in the Sinaloa cartel and controlled a faction with hundreds of men. He admitted using "sicarios," or hitmen, to conduct murders to further the cartel's interest and move tons of cocaine and other drugs throughout the Americas.Lopez's sentencing comes as Guzman is facing his own trial in New York. 806

"I'm not going to waste my time on a virtual debate" -- Trump, on with Maria Bartiromo, begins his first post-coronavirus interview by saying he's pulling out of the second debate. (He sounds a little hoarse.) pic.twitter.com/R43JSszfll— Aaron Rupar (@atrupar) October 8, 2020 284