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With news of two highly effective COVID-19 vaccines on the horizon, health officials and scientists are giving us new insight into how we could gain herd immunity."If we think of the population as a single group of people with all similar risks and susceptibilities and behaviors, we need 60% of people to be immune, meaning that not only they don’t get sick, but also they don't pass on the virus to other people," says Dr. Stuart Ray, an infectious disease professor and herd immunity expert at Johns Hopkins University.Dr. Ray says achieving herd immunity with the help of a COVID-19 vaccine would mean enough people would either get the vaccine or already have recovered from the virus and be immune to help stop the spread of the virus."It's a little bit like this notion that if you’re going to pass on a message from a lot of people in a group, they have to speak the same language. And the more people don't speak the language, the harder it's going to be to pass that message and there’s a threshold at which the message just gets stopped," says Dr. Ray.Still, it would take a certain number of people to get the vaccine and have that immunity last in order to reach herd immunity. Stanford University's Dr. Bali Pulendran hopes that we can achieve herd immunity, even though there are a certain number of people who are still hesitant to take the vaccine."I think we should remember that a vaccine that is 95% effective is only effective if the majority of people in a population take it. If only half the population or only 60% of the population take it, then we are unlikely to have achieved the level of herd immunity that you need for curbing the disease," says Dr. Pulendran.And if the new COVID-19 vaccine requires two doses, how crucial will it be to make sure people receive that second round of immunization?Asked whether follow up will be a concern, Dr. Ray says, "I think it is a possible concern. We’re going to do a lot of learning. So, one of the things we’ve learned is that some vaccines we thought you needed multiple doses, one dose works pretty well."Doctors say research will be ongoing on the vaccine and the virus itself to ensure people will be protected as much as possible, because so many are hopeful for an end to COVID-19. 2268

When I told friends that my wife and I were heading to Johannesburg -- which had just been hit by torrential rain and flooding — for a family wedding over Easter, they joked about how lucky we were to be able to take deep baths and long showers.Like many Capetonians, we've endured months of quick 90-second showers, bucket washes or baths that are only centimeters deep and grey water to flush the toilet or water our parched garden. 447

With many conferences scrapping fall sports, the NCAA announced that it will postpone all fall Division I championships for 2020 amid the coronavirus pandemic.The decision does not impact the College Football Playoff, although the future of that competition is in question. The announcement, however, impacts athletes from other sports including soccer and women’s volleyball.NCAA President Mark Emmert said that college championships cannot be held as long as 50% of conferences are not participating.Emmert said that his staff has been already looking at ways of ensuring college athletics can move forward with winter and spring sports. Emmert said the NCAA should make it a priority to ensure winter and spring championships in 2021 are played given that the NCAA had to cancel all winter and spring championships in 2020.“I am confident we can do it,” he said. 873

With five months to go until the November election, a unique group of voters could play a pivotal rule in deciding the next president: felons. THE ISSUEA Florida judge recently ruled felons, who have left prison, should not be required to pay fines before they are allowed to vote. Last year, Florida's governor signed a law making it a requirement to vote again. The judge referred to it as a “pay-to-vote system."Florida's governor is appealing the ruling. The issue of what voting rights felons have varies across the country and depends on where the felon resides. Some states, like Maine, allow felons to vote while incarcerated. In the majority of states, felons are automatically allowed to vote after they leave prison. In Iowa, felons aren't allowed to vote at all. Meanwhile in Virginia, their constitution bans felons from voting, but the governor has been using his authority to allow nonviolent felons to vote if they fill out a form.IMPACT ON ELECTIONIt's estimated there are around 1 million potential Florida voters impacted by the legal ruling. Given Florida's swing state status, that is a lot of new voters potentially up for grabs. Florida has 29 electoral college votes. President Donald Trump beat Hillary Clinton by just 112,000 votes in 2016. While the ruling is being appealed, it's unclear if it will be taken up by the Supreme Court before November's election. "I think there is certainly a movement to give people second chances, to let them rejoin the electorate," Julie Ebenstein, an ACLU lawyer who helped argue the case, said. Ebenstein believes this could impact other states in encouraging legal challenges. While Democratic leaders, for the most part, have taken steps to allow more felons to vote in recent years, it is unclear if it helps their party when it comes to elections. A Vox study found felons participate in elections at low rates and traditionally do not favor one party or another in large numbers. FELONS REACT"It's about 50-50 down the line inside," said Barbara Barrick, a Virginia felon, about the political affiliation of those who have served time. Barrick is following the Florida case because she believes felons should be treated equally regardless of the state in which they live. Barrick received her voting rights back in 2018 after the governor of Virginia issued a special order. "When I voted for the first time last November, I felt so real. I put my little sticker on. I was prancing around. I actually cried," Barrick said. 2501

When it comes to things like the economy or the military, the United States is considered among the strongest countries in the world.But when it comes to education, the U.S. isn’t making the grade, says Dr. Tanji Reed-Marshall with the Education Trust, a Washington D.C.-based group that aims to pinpoint and fix problems and inequities in education.Through nationwide research, Dr. Reed-Marshall found fixing our schools’ funding could be the ticket to better curriculums, improving classroom leadership and creating quality education in America."It's really important for us to understand how we think through where dollars go," says Dr. Reed-Marshall.Dr. Reed-Marshall says the billion in federal funding is not enough and isn’t going to the right places."In this country, zip code still tells the story about what you're likely to receive and the quality of it," says Dr. Reed-Marshall.Teacher Chrystal Miller stresses the notion that all areas aren’t created equal when it comes to getting a piece of the education pie. If she had to give education funding an overall grade, she says it’d be a D or an F.Miller came from a rural public school in Arkansas to the Washington Leadership Academy, a public charter in D.C. She says the difference in zip code is night vs day, and it shouldn’t be that way."Schools and students should be funded based on their need and not necessarily because you're at this zip code or you have this kind of family background or this kind of economic status,” Miller says. According to research by the Education Trust, students who live in lower income areas get about ,800 fewer tax dollars per student.Dr. Reed-Marshall says tax dollars drive education dollars. She believes there needs to be equal distribution of the tax dollars to raise the U.S. to the top of the ranks and in order to create an even and quality playing field, regardless of where students live. 1919