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BEIJING, May 4 (Xinhua) -- Chinese equities dropped to a seven-month low Tuesday, after the central bank said Sunday it would raise the deposit reserve requirement ratio (RRR) for most financial institutions for the third time this year.The benchmark Shanghai Composite Index lost 1.23 percent to close at 2,835.28 points.The Shenzhen Component Index fell 1.81 percent to 10,960.77 points.Total turnover shrank to 141.55 billion yuan (20.7 billion U.S. dollars) from 191.91 billion yuan on the previous trading day.Losers outnumbered gainers by 533 to 347 in Shanghai and 488 to 429 in Shenzhen.

LOS ANGELES, April 2 (Xinhua) -- Some U.S. experts on China suggested that the United States and China have different perceptions towards each other, but cooperation on critical global issues is essential and will necessarily involve sacrifices at home.Clayton Dube, Associate Director of U.S. China Institute at the University of Southern California, told Xinhua in a recent interview that domestic political concerns drive leaders in both countries, and neither side wants to be perceived by their fellow citizens as not standing up for core interests of their own countries.However, he said, what is vital is for leaders on both sides to convince their fellow citizens that cooperation on critical global issues is essential. Although it will involve sacrifices at home, ultimately those sacrifices will be rewarded to progress in addressing climate change, furthering economic growth and constraining the proliferation of nuclear weapons."Strong leaders know that they must sometimes yield on important measures in order to attain even more crucial aims. That must happen now and it must happen on both sides," stressed Dube."Leaders must always be sensitive to domestic pressures, but they also have a responsibility to look forward and to take action that will yield a better tomorrow, even if there are political costs today," said Dube.Stanley Rosen, Director of the East Asian Studies Center at the University of Southern California, told Xinhua that the political system, the role of media, ideology, political culture and political history between the two countries are very different, therefore it is easy for the two countries to misunderstand each other.However, in Rosen's opinion, both sides do not want the situation to get out of control."It is a two level game," he said, explaining that the U.S. leaders will deal with China, and Chinese leaders will deal with the U.S., then the U.S. leaders will deal with the U.S. and Chinese leaders will deal with China.He said the Obama Administration will have to worry about the U. S. Congress, and public opinion. His leadership has been weakened by the health care debate and he is worried about the mid-term election."There is much pressure on him to be tough on China," said Rosen.On the Chinese side, Rosen said Chinese leaders also face great pressure to be tough on the U.S. from the military, the National People's Congress, etc. "It is a nature of politics," Rosen said.From the U.S. side, Rosen said the message is Obama tries to be flexible in foreign affairs, but the flexibility has been perceived as weak towards China."His flexibility is not awarded, so he has to show his toughness towards China. The American and Chinese perceptions are different," said Rosen.For example, he said, the U.S. is tough on the currency issue and has put pressure on the Chinese side to reevaluate its currency. However, even in the U.S. there is a debate on whether the evaluation of RMB will help U.S. exports or to which degree the change of value of the Chinese currency will help increase jobs in the U.S..Rosen said the U.S. tends to be governed by elections. In his opinion, before the November election, the U.S. is unlikely to make concessions on issues on currency and others.He said what the U.S. can do is very limited right now, but he does not expect that the U.S. will take major actions to further deteriorate the U.S.-China relations. In his opinion, the Obama Administration and Democrats need to show their toughness towards China to woo voters before the mid-term election.He said most U.S. Congressional members are politicians but not statesmen. What they care about is to get re-elected every two years. Therefore, whether a small business will be closed and several dozens of employees will lose their jobs in their district is certainly a big concern for them, while whether what they have done will impact U.S.-China relations is not what they are caring about.Ben Tang, Director of Asian Studies at the Claremont Institute, told Xinhua that nationalism in both countries is on the increase and China has felt the pressure. However, he said the importance for the U.S. and China to cooperate should be carefully taken into consideration while making big decisions.Tang said that there is a trend of trade protectionism in the U. S. and some Americans attempt to let the world share the burden of its economic recession, that will set a very bad example in the world.But in Tang's opinion, the increasing trade protectionism and voices to be tough on China in the U.S. are partly fueled by the mid-term election to be held in November this year. He said such a situation won't last long. It will gradually die down after the election.

BEIJING, May 31 -- Evidence obtained illegally - such as through torture during interrogation - cannot be used in testimony, particularly in cases involving the death penalty, according to two regulations issued on Sunday.A death sentence should be pronounced only with sufficient evidence acquired through legal means, stipulate the two regulations: One on evidence review in death sentence cases, and the other on excluding illegal evidence in criminal cases.Jointly issued by the top court, the top procuratorate, the ministries of public security, state security and justice, they are the first specific rules on collection of evidence and review in criminal cases.The first regulation sets out principles and rules for scrutinizing and gauging evidence in cases involving the death penalty, and the other sets out detailed procedure for examining evidence and for excluding evidence obtained illegally.They are expected to cut down on death sentences and reduce forced confessions, experts said.The regulations make it clear that evidence with unclear origin, confessions obtained through torture, or testimony obtained through violence and intimidation are invalid, particularly in death sentences."Not a single mistake is allowed in fact finding and collection of evidence in cases involving the death sentence," said a written Q&A released by the five central departments on Sunday.The new regulations define illegal evidence and include specific procedures on how to exclude such evidence.Lu Guanglun, a senior judge at the Supreme People's Court, said such details do not exist in the Criminal Procedure Law and its judicial interpretations."This is the first time that a systematic and clear regulation tells law enforcers that evidence obtained through illegal means is not only illegal but also useless," said Zhao Bingzhi, dean of the law school at Beijing Normal University."Previously we could only infer from abstract laws that illegal evidence is not allowed. But in reality, in many cases, such evidence was considered valid," he said."This is big progress, both for the legal system and for better protection of human rights," he said. "It will help reduce the number of executions".Zhao said the new rules will also help change the mindset of law enforcers and reduce torture in interrogation, one of the causes of wrongful sentences.Ever since the top court started reviewing all death sentences in 2007, the overall quality of handling criminal cases has improved, but a lot of problems still remain, the joint Q&A said.In 2008, the top court announced that about 15 percent of death sentence verdicts by lower courts in 2007 were found to have faults.On May 20, Zhou Yongkang, secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Political and Legislative Committee, said at a meeting that "the criminal legal system should be perfected and law enforcers should improve their capability to ensure that every case handled can stand the test of law and time". Lu at the top court said the new rules will help prevent wrongful convictions like the one in which an innocent villager in Henan province was wrongly prosecuted.The case of Zhao Zuohai, who stayed behind bars for 11 years until the man he allegedly murdered turned up alive on April 30, has attracted national attention and triggered public criticism of judicial officers after Zhao said he was tortured by local police to confess.Three former police officers have been arrested for allegedly torturing Zhao."Such cases seriously undermine the image of China's justice system and people's trust in the government," said Bian Jianlin, a law professor at China University of Political Science and Law.

BEIJING, April 12 (Xinhua) -- In a bid to further regulate the selection and promotion of government and Party cadres, the Communist Party of China (CPC) turned to the public for help in its four newly released documents."One breakthrough of these rules is we shift the focus from simply supervising the procedures of cadre selection and promotion to also weighing in what the colleagues and the locals think about," said a statement released Monday by the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee.The four documents, promulgated on March 31 by the General Office of the CPC Central Committee, cover the selection and auditing of officials and set out penalties for those found guilty of misconduct in the selection and promotion of government and Party cadres.According to the new rules, personnel departments should consult staff within the organization on every newly appointed officials. The results, paired with local Party committees' official report on personnel changes, will be submitted annually to superior Party committees' for review.These opinions will also be incorporated into the work evaluation of officials in charge of local cadre selection and promotion.In serious cases, leading officials in the Party committees who misuse their power and violate CPC regulations on the selection and appointment of Party and government cadres could be dismissed from their posts, demoted, transferred to other posts, or asked to resign.To better solicit public opinions, Party committees at provincial levels across the country are moving to open online service and telephone hotline for whistleblowers to report such violations.According to the rules, personnel departments must carry out investigation based on detailed reports from the public and the media.