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WASHINGTON, Aug. 4 (Xinhua) -- U.S. scientists have found two gene mutations occurring in oligodendrogliomas, the second-most common form of brain cancer, according to a study to be published Friday in journal Science.For years scientists have been looking for the primary cancer genes involved in oligodendrogliomas evolvement. Scientists know the two chromosomes held the probable mutations, but the particular gene information remains unclear.Now scientists at Duke University Medical Center and Johns Hopkins University have discovered the most likely genetic mutations that researchers have been hunting for on chromosomes 1 and 19.The genes they identified, CIC or FUBP1, are tumor suppressor genes. The cancer-related pathways that involve these genes could become targets for future treatments, said Hai Yan, a Duke associate professor of pathology and co-corresponding author of the study.The researchers found CIC on chromosome 19 and FUBP1 on chromosome 1 based on an initial study of seven oligodendrogliomas. They found six mutations and two mutations, respectively, in the seven tumors. Further study of 27 more of these tumors showed that there were 12 and three mutations of CIC and FUBP1, respectively. The two genes were rarely mutated in other types of cancers, indicating that they are oligodendroglioma-specific genes.These genes were difficult to find until the technology improved, said Yan."The team used whole genome sequencing technology so that no genes would be excluded, and we found to our surprise that one gene, on chromosome 19, was mutated in six out of the seven initial tumor specimens we sequenced," Yan said. "A mutation frequency of 85 percent is very high."The finding of two additional new genes involved in oligodendrogliomas increases the chances for an effective combination drug therapy for the tumor, Yan said. He envisions a combination cocktail of drugs similar to the combination-drug treatments taken by HIV patients that would target different pathways involved in cancer, and assist both in reducing the chance of relapsing and increasing odds of success.

WASHINGTON, Sept. 15 (Xinhua) -- The rates of new lung cancer cases in the United States dropped among men in 35 states and among women in six states between 1999 and 2008, according to a report released Thursday by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Among women, lung cancer incidence decreased nationwide between 2006 and 2008, after increasing steadily for decades.The decrease in lung cancer cases corresponds closely with smoking patterns across the nation, the report said. In the West, where smoking prevalence is lower among men and women than in other regions, lung cancer incidence is decreasing faster. Studies show declines in lung cancer rates can be seen as soon as five years after smoking rates decline.The report also noted that states that make greater investments in effective tobacco control strategies see larger reductions in smoking; and the longer they invest, the greater the savings in smoking -- related health care costs. Such strategies include higher tobacco prices, hard-hitting media campaigns, 100 percent smoke-free policies, and easily accessible quitting treatments and services for those who want to quit."Although lung cancer among men and women has decreased over the past few years," said CDC Director Thomas Frieden in a statement. "too many people continue to get sick and die from lung cancers, most of which are caused by smoking. The more we invest in proven tobacco control efforts, the fewer people will die from lung cancer."Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer, and the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Cigarette smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke cause most lung cancer deaths in the United States.

BEIJING, Aug. 2 (Xinhuanet) -- The first close-up pictures of the asteroid Vesta, a protoplanet that dates back to the early days of the solar system, were revealed Monday by NASA scientists.The images were taken by the U.S. space agency's Dawn robotic probe, which is two weeks into a planned year-long survey of the second largest object in the main asteroid belt, located between Mars and Jupiter.About twice the size of California, Vesta is second in size only to Ceres, Dawn's next target and, along with Pluto, one of just five known dwarf planets. NASA is spending 466 million dollars to explore Vesta and Ceres during the course of a 10-year mission.Images from Dawn show Vesta a surprisingly diverse terrain and several unexplained geologic features. Chaotic terrain near the south pole is dominated by a towering central peak and huge ripple-like grooves stretching around its equatorial belt. Bright spots, dark pits and craters are filled with unexplained streaks of black and white debris. Terrain north of the grooves is much more heavily cratered.Scientists believe Vesta grew from a clump of gas and dust left over after the sun's birth some 4.65 billion years ago, a supernova explosion, which added radioactive materials to the growing body.Dawn will spend about a year circling Vesta, tweaking its orbit and altitude using an innovative technology called ion propulsion system, chief engineer Marc Rayman with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California said.The ion propulsion system will enable Dawn to leave Vesta's orbit after a year of study and head off to Ceres, which is the largest object in the asteroid belt.

WASHINGTON, June 14 (Xinhua) -- Eating a low-carbohydrate, high- protein diet may reduce the risk of cancer and slow the growth of tumors already present, according to a study published Tuesday in Cancer Research, a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.The study was conducted in mice, but the scientists involved agree that the strong biological findings are definitive enough that an effect in humans can be considered."This shows that something as simple as a change in diet can have an impact on cancer risk," said lead researcher Gerald Krystal, a scientist at the British Columbia Cancer Research Center.Krystal and his colleagues implanted various strains of mice with human tumor cells or with mouse tumor cells and assigned them to one of two diets. The first diet, a typical Western diet, contained about 55 percent carbohydrate, 23 percent protein and 22 percent fat. The second, which is somewhat like a South Beach diet but higher in protein, contained 15 percent carbohydrate, 58 percent protein and 26 percent fat. They found that the tumor cells grew consistently slower on the second diet.As well, mice genetically predisposed to breast cancer were put on these two diets and almost half of them on the Western diet developed breast cancer within their first year of life while none on the low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet did. Interestingly, only one on the Western diet reached a normal life span ( approximately 2 years), with 70 percent of them dying from cancer while only 30 percent of those on the low-carbohydrate diet developed cancer and more than half these mice reached or exceeded their normal life span.Krystal and colleagues also tested the effect of an mTOR inhibitor, which inhibits cell growth, and a COX-2 inhibitor, which reduces inflammation, on tumor development, and found these agents had an additive effect in the mice fed the low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet.When asked to speculate on the biological mechanism, Krystal said that tumor cells, unlike normal cells, need significantly more glucose to grow and thrive. Restricting carbohydrate intake can significantly limit blood glucose and insulin, a hormone that has been shown in many independent studies to promote tumor growth in both humans and mice.Furthermore, a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet has the potential to both boost the ability of the immune system to kill cancer cells and prevent obesity, which leads to chronic inflammation and cancer.

LOS ANGELES, June 24 (Xinhua) -- Near-Earth asteroid 2011 MD will whip past Earth on June 27, but will not pose any threat, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) said on Friday.The asteroid will pass only 12,000 kilometers (7,500 miles) above the Earth's surface at about 9:30 EDT, according to JPL in Pasadena, Los Angeles.This small asteroid, only 5-20 meters in diameter, is in a very Earth-like orbit about the Sun, but an orbital analysis indicates there is no chance it will actually strike Earth on Monday, JPL said.If a rocky asteroid the size of 2011 MD were to enter Earth's atmosphere, it would be expected to burn up high in the atmosphere and cause no damage to Earth's surface, said JPL.The accompanying diagram gives a view of the asteroid's trajectory from the general direction of the Sun. This view indicates that 2011 MD will reach its closest Earth approach point in extreme southern latitudes (in fact over the southern Atlantic Ocean), according to JPL. The incoming trajectory leg passes several thousand kilometers outside the geosynchronous ring of satellites and the outgoing leg passes well inside the ring, JPL said.For a brief time, it may be bright enough to be seen even with a modest-sized telescope.One would expect an object of this size to come this close to Earth about every six years on average.The asteroid was discovered by the LINEAR near-Earth object discovery team observing from Socorro, New Mexico.