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WASHINGTON, Aug. 18 (Xinhua) -- Black scientists were significantly less likely than their white counterparts to receive research funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), according to an analysis of data from 2000 to 2006.University of Kansas Professor of Economics Donna Ginther was the lead author on the study commissioned by the NIH, which will appear Friday in journal Science.The researchers found a 10 percentage point gap in research funding -- even after taking into consideration demographics, education and training, employer characteristics, NIH experience and research productivity. For example, for every 100 grants submitted to NIH, 30 grants from white applicants were funded, compared to 20 grants for black applicants.Applications for NIH funding go through peer review that considers the significance, innovation and approach of grant applications, the investigator(s) and the research environment. About half of the applications are determined to be worth scoring. Among those scored, budgets and NIH Institutes priorities determine which applications are funded. Priorities can vary by year and by Institute.The study found that applications from black researchers were less likely to be scored and on average had worse scores. After controlling for the score of the grant, there were no race or ethnicity differences in funding.Applicants self-identify race, ethnicity and gender, but that information is not available during the peer review. However, biographical facts that are included in the review materials can provide clues to the identity of the applicants.The research suggests it is possible that cumulative advantage may explain the funding differences."Small differences in access to research resources and mentoring during training or at the beginning of a career may accumulate to become large between-group differences," the paper says.Additionally, the paper suggests further research is needed to determine why black researchers are less likely to be funded.NIH Director Francis Collins and Principal Deputy Director Lawrence Tabak call the findings unacceptable and commit to immediate action by the NIH."NIH commissioned this study because we want to learn more about the challenges facing the scientific community and address them head on. The results of this study are disturbing and disheartening, and we are committed to taking action," said Collins in an accompanying commentary. "The strength of the U.S. scientific enterprise depends upon our ability to recruit and retain the brightest minds, regardless of race or ethnicity. This study shows that we still have a long way to go."NIH initiated the study in 2008 to determine if researchers of different races and ethnicities with similar research records and affiliations had similar likelihoods of being awarded a new NIH research project grant.

BEIJING, July 14 (Xinhuanet) -- European music service Spotify is set to launch in the United States on Thursday, according to media reports.The streaming service will be available in the morning by invitation and through subscription."Spotify is a new way to listen to and manage your music, discover new tracks and share songs and playlists with friends – music whenever you want it, wherever you are," the company said in a statement.Spotify's streaming music and subscription service have long been popular in Europe since its launch in late 2008, and the company has been aiming for a US launch for nearly as long.Spotify has inked agreements with Sony Corp Music Entertainment, EMI Music, and Vivendi SA's Universal Music Group in the last few months. It is expected to close a deal with Warner Music Group by launch or soon after, according to a source.

CHENGDU, Sept. 3 (Xinhua) -- A list of this year's top 500 Chinese enterprises was unveiled in the city of Chengdu in southwest China's Sichuan Province on Saturday.The Sinopec Group was ranked first, with last year's revenues reaching 1.97 trillion yuan (307.81 billion U.S. dollars), followed by the China National Petroleum Corp. and State Grid Corp., whose revenues hit 1.72 trillion yuan and 1.53 trillion yuan last year, respectively.The rest of the top 10 was rounded out by the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, China Mobile, China Railway Group, China Railway Construction Corp., China Construction Bank, China Life Insurance Co. and Agricultural Bank of China.The list is the 10th of its kind to be jointly released by the China Enterprise Confederation and the China Enterprise Directors Association. The threshold for entering the list was raised to 14.2 billion yuan in revenues, an increase over the 11.08-billion-yuan threshold used during the previous year.Revenues for China's top 500 companies rose 31.6 percent year-on-year to 36.31 trillion yuan in 2010, while their total assets increased by 18.4 percent to 108.1 trillion yuan, the two organizations said.The companies reported profits of 2.08 trillion yuan for last year, a rise of 38.67 percent from one year earlier.They paid 2.73 trillion yuan in taxes in 2010, accounting for 37.3 percent of the country's total tax revenues.

BEIJING, Sept. 6 (Xinhuanet) -- The amount of space junks floating in Earth's orbit has reached a critical level, warned scientists.The future space missions may become too dangerous to fly for a risk of colliding with space junks, said a report released recently by the U.S. National Research Council (NRC).The kinds of space junks range from huge, the report said, there are thousands of discarded satellites and rocket boosters and countless tiny pieces of daily gabages from space missions.The debris are traveling in orbit at 17,500mph, at such a speed even a tiny clash can destroy a spacecraft.The NRC recommended that NASA should launch a plan to clean up the floating debris and called on other major space nations' cooperation."The current space environment is growing increasingly hazardous to spacecraft and astronauts," said Kessler, an ex-NASA researcher, "NASA needs to determine the best path forward for tackling the multifaceted problems caused by meteoroids and orbital debris that put human and robotic space operations at risk."

WASHINGTON, July 15 (Xinhua) -- Researchers at Mount Sinai School of Medicine have found that grape seed polyphenols -- a natural antioxidant -- may help prevent the development or delay the progression of Alzheimer's disease.The research, led by Giulio Pasinetti, was published online Friday in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, which causes brain changes that gradually get worse.This is the first study to evaluate the ability of grape- derived polyphenols to prevent the generation of a specific form of amyloid (A) peptide, a substance in the brain long known to cause the neurotoxicity associated with Alzheimer's disease.In partnership with a team at the University of Minnesota, Pasinetti and collaborators administered grape seed polyphenolic extracts to mice genetically determined to develop memory deficits and A neurotoxins similar to those found in Alzheimer's disease. They found that the brain content of the A*56, a specific form of A previously implicated in the promotion of Alzheimer's disease memory loss, was substantially reduced after treatment.Previous studies suggest that increased consumption of grape- derived polyphenols, whose content, for example, is very high in red wine, may protect against cognitive decline in Alzheimer's. This new finding corroborates those theories."Since naturally occurring polyphenols are also generally commercially available as nutritional supplements and have negligible adverse events even after prolonged periods of treatment, this new finding holds significant promise as a preventive method or treatment, and is being tested in translational studies in Alzheimer's disease patients," said Pasinetti.In Alzheimer's disease, brain cells degenerate and die, causing a steady decline in memory and mental function.