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BEIJING, Sept. 4 (Xinhua) -- China's railway system has transported some 1.27 billion passengers during the first eight months of this year, up 11.8 percent from a year earlier, the Ministry of Railways said Sunday.The figure has accounted for 67.4 percent of the ministry's full-year target, said the ministry in a statement on its website.The Ministry of Railways has planned to send 1.9 billion passengers in 2011, up 13.1 percent year-on-year.The country's high-speed trains had been operating with improved order and efficiency, said the ministry, which has been required to run high-speed trains at slower speeds, as well as to reorganize bullet train schedules nationwide, for safety reasons.The State Council, or Cabinet, ordered increased safety checks after a fatal train collision that killed 40 people in July raised concerns over the safety of the country's high-speed railways.The ministry cut the number of high-speed trains running between Beijing and Shanghai to 66 pairs from 88 pairs per day, effective as of Aug. 16.Meanwhile, the railways transported more than 2.6 billion metric tons of goods from January to August, up 7.8 percent year-on-year, the ministry said.

WASHINGTON, Aug. 2 (Xinhua) -- The weakness of aging is associated with leaky calcium channels inside muscle cells and a drug already in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of heart failure might plug those leaks, according to a report published Tuesday in the online edition of Cell Metabolism.Earlier studies by the research team led by Andrew Marks of Columbia University showed the same leaks underlie the weakness and fatigue that come with heart failure and Duchenne muscular dystrophy."It's interesting, normal people essentially acquire a form of muscular dystrophy with age," Marks said. "The basis for muscle weakness is the same." Extreme exercise like that done by marathon runners also springs the same sort of leaks, he added, but in that case damaged muscles return to normal after a few days of rest. A microscopic view shows smooth muscle cells derived from human embryonic stem cells showing the nuclei (blue) and proteins of the cytoskeleton (green) in this handout photo released to Reuters by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, March 9, 2009The leaks occur in a calcium release channel called ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1) that is required for muscles to contract. Under conditions of stress, those channels are chemically modified and lose a stabilizing subunit known as calstabin1.Calcium inside of muscle cells is usually kept contained. When it is allowed to leak out into the cell that calcium itself is toxic, turning on an enzyme that chews up muscle cells. Once the leak starts, it's a vicious cycle. The calcium leak raises levels of damaging reactive oxygen species, which oxidize RyR1 and worsen the leak.The researchers made their discovery by studying the skeletal muscles of young and old mice. They also showed that 6-month-old mice carrying a mutation that made their RyR1 channels leaky showed the same muscular defects and weakness characteristic of older mice.When older mice were treated with a drug known as S107, the calcium leak in their muscles slowed and the animals voluntarily showed about a 50 percent increase in the amount of time spent wheel running. Now in clinical trials for patients with heart failure, the drug is known to work by restoring the connection between costabilin and RyR1.Despite considerable effort to understand and reverse age- related muscle wasting, there are no established treatments available. The new work suggests there may be hope in approaching the problem from a different angle."Most research has focused on making more muscle mass," Marks said. "What's different here is that we are focused not on muscle mass but on muscle function. More muscle doesn't help if it is not functional."

BEIJING, Aug. 11 (Xinhuanet) -- Next year will bring a doubling in the size of the words that appear on cigarette packages to warn consumers of the dangers of smoking. Starting in April 2012, cigarettes produced and sold in China will bear a new warning label containing letters that will be no less than 4 millimeters in height. That will be twice the size of the current minimum, which stipulates that the letters be at least 2 mm from bottom to top, according to a notice written by the China National Tobacco Corp and published on the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration's website. Despite the intentions, many tobacco-control experts said the step is "minor" and that it fails to deal with the chief issue. "There is no use in making the font size even 100 times bigger if the warning is pointless," said Wu Yiqun, deputy director of the ThinkTank Research Center for Health Development, a Beijing-based non-governmental organization that advocates for the adoption of stronger smoking-control measures. Both Wu and Yang Gonghuan, director of the tobacco control office of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, said the warning that now appears on cigarette packs is too weak. It says: "Smoking is harmful to your health. Quitting early is good for your health." "The package should inform consumers of the dangers of smoking in accordance with requirements adopted by the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. (It should say that) smoking causes lung cancer, coronary disease and makes people grow old," Yang said. China decided in 2005 to ratify the convention, which also requires that tobacco warnings cover a third of the surface of cigarette packs. "Even if the size of the words is doubled, it still doesn't meet those standards," Yang said. "The Chinese practice is to draw a line to demarcate a third of a cigarette package, where the warning should be, but the words put on it are still very small." Experts said graphic health warnings could be printed on cigarette packs and used as a "scientific, direct and shocking" deterrent to smoking.Throughout the world, more than 1 billion people in 19 countries live under laws that require the packaging of various types of tobacco products to bear large, graphic health warnings. They often show pictures of black lungs and festering mouth sores, according to the World Health Organization. China, though, is excluded from those rules. Both Wu and Yang said the fundamental barrier to better control of tobacco use in the country is the fact that the China National Tobacco Corp, the country's largest cigarette-maker, is a subsidiary of the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration, China's tobacco regulatory body.

BEIJING, Aug. 18 (Xinhua) -- A controlled trial has found that Chinese herbal medicine decoction maxingshigan-yinqiaosan has a similar efficacy to oseltamivir in reducing time to fever resolution in people suffering mild H1N1 influenza virus infections.Carried out by a group of Chinese researchers, headed by Prof. Wang Chen with Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital under the Capital Medical University, the study was published by the famous internal medicine journal Ann Intern Med on Tuesday.Participants of the trial were 410 young adults aged 15 to 59 years with laboratory-confirmed H1N1 influenza.The researchers concluded that both active intervention, alone and in combination, were effective in reducing time to fever resolution in young adults with H1N1 flu, and therefore suggest that maxingshigan-yinqiaosan may be an alternative to oseltamivir.

CANBERRA, Sept. 7 (Xinhua) -- A team of Australian and U.S. scientists on Wednesday said they discovered a genetic defect, which can lead to Leigh syndrome, a rare disorder which affects the central nervous syndrome.The scientists tested more than 1000 genes by encoding proteins active in two individuals who suffer from the illness. They used a new technique known as next-generation DNA sequencing to examine the genes.The gene they discovered encodes an enzyme which is found in the mitochondria which are subsets of cells. Without this enzyme the mitochondria do not translate proteins efficiently, and this then causes Leigh syndrome.According to David Thorburn, from the Murdoch Children's Research Institute in Melbourne, the discovery shows the enormous potential of the new technology."These findings demonstrate the ability of sequencing technologies to improve diagnosis," Professor Thorburn said in a statement released on Wednesday."Although it isn't clear in the case of Leigh syndrome whether the precise molecular diagnosis will necessarily lead to therapies, the current findings represent a meaningful service."He added that diagnosis of the disease along with its specific genetic cause can also be informative about the risk a couple has of having another affected child. The diagnostic information can help in decisions about whether and how to pursue alternative means of having children, for instance through the use of donor sperm or eggs.The research team consisted of scientists from Australia's Murdoch Institute as well as the Broad Institute in the U.S.In Leigh syndrome, infants are born apparently healthy only to develop movement and breathing disorders that worsen over time, often leading to death by the age of three. The problem is that the mitochondria responsible for powering their cells cannot keep up with the demand for energy in their developing brains.