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LOS ANGELES, May 1 (Xinhua) -- Middle-aged adults who sleep too less or too much may be more likely to suffer cognitive decline, a new study suggests.According to the study, less than six hours of sleep each night is considered too little and more than eight hours as too much for middle-aged adults.The study, conducted by researchers at University College London Medical School, was published May 1 in the American medical journal Sleep.The researchers conducted the study in two periods -- the 1997- 1999 period and the 2003-2004 period. The participants were asked how many hours they slept on an average week night, and were asked the same question in 2003-2004 after an average 5.4 years of follow-up.The researchers compared those who reported changes in their sleep patterns with people whose sleep duration stayed the same over the course of the study.In the follow-up, each individual was given a battery of standard tests to assess his or her memory, reasoning, vocabulary, global cognitive status and verbal fluency.The study findings show that women who slept seven hours per night had the highest score for every cognitive measure, followed by those who had six hours of sleep. For men, cognitive function was similar for those who reported sleeping six, seven or eight hours.However, less than six hours of sleep -- or more than eight hours -- were associated with lower scores."Sleep provides the body with its daily need for physiological restitution and recovery," explained Jane Ferrie, a senior research fellow in the department of epidemiology and public health at the school. "While seven hours a night appears to be optimal for the majority of human beings, many people can function perfectly well on regular sleep of less or more hours."However, since most research has focused on the effects of sleep deprivation on biological systems, it is not yet fully understood why seven hours is optimal -- or why long sleeping appears to be detrimental, Ferrie said."Chronic short sleep produces hormones and chemicals in the body which increase the risk of developing heart disease and strokes, and other conditions like high blood pressure and cholesterol, diabetes and obesity," she added.

STOCKHOLM, Jan. 26 (Xinhua) -- China's railway network, already the world's longest, is developing at record high speed and is to be doubled soon, Swedish daily Svenska Dagbladet reported on Wednesday."China's goal is to connect all important cities with railway lines," the report said.Collaborating with German Siemens, Japanese Kawasaki and Bombardier both in Canada and Sweden, China has built its own high-speed train CRH380A that can reach 486 kilometers per hour, cutting the journey between Beijing and Shanghai in half to about 4 hours.Construction of the high-speed railway network will also cover inland China, the report said. It aims to encourage more investment to move from coastal areas to inland China and ultimately raise the living standards in those regions.Within the next five years, a total of 3.5 trillion yuan (over 500 billion U.S. dollars) will be invested in high-speed track construction and train manufacturing, averaging at about 700 billion yuan (over 100 billion dollars) each year.Swedish companies such as Atlas Copco, SKF and Trelleborg have participated in China's railway and high-speed train development, according to the report.Hans Rosling, a development expert and also professor at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden, was quoted as saying that the construction of the high-speed railway network will bring about "good economy, good education, good medical care, better and longer life, all good things."

BEIJING, Feb.14 (Xinhua) - Shanghai General Motors Co. will recall 2,806 imported Cadillac CTS vehicles in China to repair faulty track bars to prevent safety risks, China's quality watchdog said on Monday.The recall, which is set to begin on March 21, includes models that were produced between June 16, 2008 and April 20, 2009, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine said in a statement on its website.The statement said that the company would repair or replace the rear suspension track bars of the recalled vehicles because some nuts on the bars are likely to loosen and cause worn screw threads.This could lead to a loosened track bar under extreme conditions, which is unsafe when traveling fast, it said.The company is to contact car owners to provide free checks and repairs. Owners may also contact the automaker on its free phone service (telephone number: 8008201902) for more information and to make appointments.

BEIJING, Feb. 10 (Xinhua) -- The Chinese currency, or the yuan, on Thursday rose to a fresh high of 6.5849 against the U.S. dollar, according to the China Foreign Exchange Trading System.The central parity rate of the yuan, or RMB, was 1 basis point higher than the previous record of 6.585 set on Feb. 9, the previous trading day.The central parity rate has risen against the dollar for a three consecutive trading days.China's central bank announced on June 19 last year that it would further reform the yuan exchange rate formation mechanism to improve its flexibility.On China's foreign exchange spot market, the yuan can rise or fall 0.5 percent from the central parity rate each trading day.The central parity rate of the RMB against the U.S. dollar is based on a weighted average of prices before the opening of the market each business day.

WASHINGTON, May 11 (Xinhua) -- Johns Hopkins University researchers have demonstrated that human liver cells derived from adult cells coaxed into an embryonic state can engraft and begin regenerating liver tissue in mice with chronic liver damage.The work, published Wednesday in the journal Science Translational Medicine, suggests that liver cells derived from so- called "induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)" could one day be used as an alternative to liver transplant in patients with serious liver diseases, bypassing long waiting lists for organs and concerns about immune system rejection of donated tissue."Our findings provide a foundation for producing functional liver cells for patients who suffer liver diseases and are in need of transplantation," says Yoon-Young Jang, assistant professor of oncology at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center. "iPSC-derived liver cells not only can be generated in large amounts, but also can be tailored to each patient, preventing immune-rejection problems associated with liver transplants from unmatched donors or embryonic stem cells." A microsopic view shows human embryonic stem cells in various stages of differentiation into liver cells in this photo taken at Stanford University and released by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, March 9, 2009iPSCs are made from adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to revert to an embryonic stem cell-like state, with the ability to transform into different cell types. Human iPSCs can be generated from various tissues, including skin, blood and liver cells.Although the liver can regenerate in the body, end-stage liver failure caused by diseases like cirrhosis and cancers eventually destroy the liver's regenerative ability, Jang says. Currently, the only option for those patients is to receive a liver organ or liver cell transplant, a supply problem given the severe shortage of donor liver tissue for transplantation. In addition, mature liver cells and adult liver stem cells are difficult to isolate or grow in the laboratory, she says. By contrast, iPSCs can be made from a tiny amount of many kinds of tissue; and the embryonic stem- like iPSCs can grow in laboratory cultures indefinitely.For the study, Jang and colleagues generated human iPSCs from a variety of adult human cells, including liver cells, fibroblasts ( connective tissue cells), bone marrow stem cells and skin cells. They found that though the iPSCs overall were molecularly similar to each other and to embryonic stem cells, they retained a distinct molecular "signature" inherited from the cell of origin.