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WASHINGTON, May 2 (Xinhua) -- Rice originated in China, a team of U.S. genome researchers has concluded in a study tracing back thousands of years of evolutionary history through large-scale gene re-sequencing.Their findings, which appear Monday in the latest issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), indicate that domesticated rice may have first appeared as far back as approximately 9,000 years ago in the Yangtze Valley of China. Previous research suggested domesticated rice may have two points of origin -- India as well as China.Asian rice, Oryza sativa, is one of world's oldest crop species. It is also a very diverse crop, with tens of thousands of varieties known throughout the world. Two major subspecies of rice -- japonica and indica -- represent most of the world's varieties. Sushi rice, for example, is a type of japonica, while most of the long-grain rice in risottos are indica.Because rice is so diverse, its origins have been the subject of scientific debate. One theory -- a single-origin model -- suggests that indica and japonica were domesticated once from the wild rice O. rufipogon.Another -- a multiple-origin model -- proposes that these two major rice types were domesticated separately and in different parts of Asia. The multiple-origin model has gained currency in recent years as biologists have observed significant genetic differences between indica and japonica, and several studies examining the evolutionary relationships among rice varieties supported more than domestication in both India and China.In the PNAS study, the researchers re-assessed the evolutionary history, or phylogeny, of domesticated rice using previously published datasets, some of which have been used to argue that indica and japonica rice have separate origins. Using more modern computer algorithms, however, the researchers concluded these two species have the same origin because they have a closer genetic relationship to each other than to any wild rice species found in either India or China.In addition, the study's authors examined the phylogeny of domesticated rice by re-sequencing 630 gene fragments on selected chromosomes from a diverse set of wild and domesticated rice varieties. Using new modeling techniques, which had previously been used to look at genomic data in human evolution, their results showed that the gene sequence data was more consistent with a single origin of rice.In the study, the investigators also used a "molecular clock" of rice genes to see when rice evolved. Depending on how the researchers calibrated their clock, they pinpointed the origin of rice at possibly 8,200 years ago, while japonica and indica split apart from each other about 3,900 years ago. The study's authors pointed out that these molecular dates were consistent with archaeological studies.Archaeologists have uncovered evidence in the last decade for rice domestication in the Yangtze Valley beginning approximately 8, 000 to 9,000 years ago while domestication of rice in the India's Ganges region was around about 4,000 years ago."As rice was brought in from China to India by traders and migrant farmers, it likely hybridized extensively with local wild rice," explained New York University biologist Michael Purugganan, one of the study's co-authors. "So domesticated rice that we may have once thought originated in India actually has its beginnings in China."

WASHINGTON, April 25 (Xinhua) -- Study by scientists at the Rockefeller University shows that anti-inflammatory drugs reduce the effectiveness of the most widely used class of antidepressant medications, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), taken for depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety disorders.This discovery, published online Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, may explain why so many depressed patients taking SSRIs do not respond to antidepressant treatment and suggests that this lack of effectiveness may be preventable.The study may be especially significant in the case of Alzheimer's disease. Such patients commonly suffer from depression and unless this can be treated successfully, the course of the illness is likely to be more severe. Depression in the elderly is also a risk factor for developing Alzheimer's Disease and researchers have suggested that treating depression in the elderly might reduce the risk of developing the disease.In the recent study, investigators treated mice with antidepressants in the presence or absence of anti-inflammatory drugs. They then examined how the mice behaved in tasks that are sensitive to antidepressant treatment. They found that the mice's behavioral responses to antidepressants were inhibited by anti- inflammatory/analgesic treatments.They then confirmed these effects in a human population. Depressed individuals who reported anti-inflammatory drug use were much less likely to have their symptoms relieved by an antidepressant than depressed patients who reported no anti- inflammatory drug use. The effect was rather dramatic since, in the absence of any anti-inflammatory or analgesic use, 54 percent of patients responded to the antidepressant, whereas success rates dropped to approximately 40 percent for those who reported using anti-inflammatory agents."Many elderly individuals suffering from depression also have arthritic or related diseases and as a consequence are taking both antidepressant and anti-inflammatory medications. Our results suggest that physicians should carefully balance the advantages and disadvantages of continuing anti-inflammatory therapy in patients being treated with antidepressant medications," leader author Paul Greengard said.

BEIJING, Jan. 27 (Xinhua) -- The State Council, China's cabinet, has approved on a trial basis the launch of property tax reforms in some cities.The pilot reform will tax property owner-occupiers for the first time, officials from the Ministry of Finance, the State Administration of Taxation and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development said Thursday.China's 1986 provisional property tax regulations did not tax owner-occupiers.The cities themselves will decide the details of the real estate levy. File photo taken on Apr. 23, 2010 shows residential areas in Shanghai, east China. The State Council, China's cabinet, has approved on a trial basis the launch of property tax reforms in some cities. Shanghai and Chongqing are cities that will trial the tax first. Shanghai sets its property tax rate at 0.4 to 0.6 percent. Municipalities impose property taxes on owners of real estate based upon the value of the property.Shanghai and Chongqing are cities that will trial the tax first.Shanghai set its property tax rate at 0.4 to 0.6 percent. Chongqing sets its at 0.5 to 1.2 percent. 

SAN FRANCISCO, April 22 (Xinhua) - Amazon's web-services disruption issues have not been completely resolved Friday morning, as some websites still in slow recovery.Amazon said in an update early Friday that meaningful progress has been made and is expected to continue over the next few hours.Reddit, a social news website, said on its homepage that "we are slowly getting our capacity back," and users may be able to log in if lucky. Some sites appeared to have recovered, including location-based social networking site Foursquare and HootSuite, an online brand management and social websites monitoring service.Amazon has not released the number of companies which have been disrupted by the outage and when the web-services will fully recover.The outage highlights risks of relying on public cloud service. Security and reliability have been experts' concerns on public could web-hosting service. Many Internet startups have been relying on the service to bring their costs down.Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) is a central part of Amazon's cloud computing platform Amazon Web Services. It allows users to rent virtual computers on which to run their own computer applications. The European Space Agency, PBS and Ericsson are all among its cloud service customers.According to Amazon's Service Health Dashboard, errors began at 1:41 a.m. PDT Thursday in its datacenter in northern Virginia, saying "instance connectivity, latency and error rates."

XI'AN, Feb. 21 (Xinhua) -- Nearly 100 children were sickened by food poisoning Monday noon at a kindergarten in northwest China's Shaanxi Province.The accident occurred at Zhaocun Beibeile Kindergarten at Weiyang District of the provincial capital Xi'an City, where the children suffered from nausea and diarrhea after lunch, said a spokesman from the Weiyang District Government.The sickened children were rushed to five local hospitals for treatment, and their conditions were reported as not life threatening, the spokesman said.An initial inspection showed that their sickness was caused by nitrite intoxication, and the exact cause is under investigation.