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Twila Szymanski lowers the scope on her rifle, takes aim and hits a target in the distance. The shooting range is where she and her husband go to relax and forget the things they've been worrying about, she said. But some experiences are hard to shake. "To trust somebody you know after a sexual assault happens … it has been so difficult to work through that," Szymanski said. Szymanski, 40, has lived on the Fort Peck Reservation in Northeast Montana since she was born and is an enrolled member of the Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux tribes. She said she's been assaulted three times. "I was a victim when I was 13, a victim when I was 14, and a victim when I was 34," she said. CAPTION: Twila Szymanski is a lifelong resident of the Fort Peck Reservation. (Newsy / Carrie Cochran)"Native women have told me that what you do when you raise a daughter in this environment is you prepare her for what to do when she's raped — not if, but when,"said Sarah Deer, University of Kansas professor and author of "The Beginning and End of Rape: Confronting Sexual Violence in Native America."More than half of American Indian and Alaska Native women will experience sexual violence in their lifetimes, according to the Department of Justice."You talk to Native women who have lived their whole lives on a reservation, and they say, 'I can't think of anyone, any woman that I know who hasn't been victimized in this way,'"said Deer, a citizen of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation of Oklahoma.National data on sex crimes in tribal communities are scarce, so Newsy spent 18 months focused on two reservations: the Fort Peck Reservation in Montana and the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota. After analyzing exclusively obtained documents and conducting dozens of interviews, a stark picture emerged.Sexual assault investigations can fall through the cracks when tribes and the federal government fail to work together. Even for those few cases that end in a conviction in tribal court, federal law prevents most courts from sentencing perpetrators for more than a year.Survivors who come forward to report assaults often find themselves trapped in small communities with their perpetrators, and several said the broken legal system contributed to their trauma.A complicated legal arrangementThe federal government has a unique political and legal relationship with the 573 federally recognized tribes. The tribes are sovereign, with jurisdiction over their citizens and land, but the federal government has a treaty obligation to help protect the lives of tribal members. This legal doctrine, called the "trust responsibility," goes back to the treaties that the U.S. signed with tribal nations in the 18th and 19th centuries.The array of Supreme Court decisions and federal laws that followed resulted in a complicated legal arrangement among federal, state and tribal jurisdictions, making it difficult for survivors of sexual assault to find justice. CAPTION: Sarah Deer is author of "The Beginning and End of Rape: Confronting Sexual Violence in Native America." (Newsy / Carrie Cochran)"A lot of times, when I try to explain it, people don't even believe me because it's so bizarre," Deer said. "And the reason it's bizarre is because there's been this patchwork of laws that don't talk to each other over the last century."Only one yearThe tribal courthouse on the Fort Peck reservation is a small brick building. The front desk is lined with pamphlets about dating violence and sexual assault."The trauma that has developed over the generations ... some of the assaults are generational, and they're within the same home," said Chief Judge Stacie Smith, a member of the Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux tribes. "Pretend it wasn't there, and maybe it’ll go away, you know, the next generation it won't happen again. But it continues."Smith wants to break the cycle, but tribal courts face major restrictions, including a one-year limit on sentences regardless of the crime and almost no jurisdiction over non-Indians.CAPTION: Stacie Smith is chief judge of the Fort Peck Tribal Court. (Newsy / Carrie Cochran)"When you think about rape and you think about somebody who is a perpetrator of that kind of crime, and you think, 'What do they deserve?' One year doesn't usually sound like the right answer," Sarah Deer said.In 2010, the sentencing cap was expanded to three years per offense through the Tribal Law and Order Act as long as the tribes were able to meet certain requirements. Only 16 tribes have implemented the three-year sentencing enhancement.Fort Peck is one of them.When the law took effect, there were no attorneys, no one with a law degree in the court system.Smith decided to leave her young daughters in order to attend law school hundreds of miles away. This would help the tribal court meet the federal requirements and give it more authority.The tribal court was able to hand out three-year sentences starting in late 2012. From 2013-2018, there were three sexual assault convictions, but none of them had enhanced sentences. The longest sentence was still one year."We use the enhanced sentencing sparingly because we want it to have meaning," said Scott Seifert, a member of the Comanche Nation of Oklahoma and Fort Peck's lead tribal prosecutor.Going federalTribal court is not the only option for those seeking justice for sexual assault. In most cases, the FBI, Bureau of Indian Affairs, or BIA, and U.S. attorneys' offices are federally mandated to work with the tribes to investigate and prosecute "major crimes," which include sexual assault."So, if you have a rape case or a child sex abuse case and you do want to see that perpetrator put away, the best possibility for you is that it will go federal," said Deer.That responsibility falls to the U.S. attorneys' offices, which have seen their funding and staffing in Indian County cut by more than 40% in the past seven years, according to the Department of Justice.Data Newsy obtained from the DOJ shows that the Montana U.S. Attorney's Office declined 64% of cases of sexual assault in the past four fiscal years.CAPTION: Kurt Alme is the U.S. Attorney for Montana. (Newsy / Carrie Cochran)The U.S. attorney for Montana, Kurt Alme, said that a lot of these cases are declined because of weak or insufficient evidence, "and it is something that has to be worked on," he said.According to the BIA, tribal courts received less than 5% of the funding that was needed in 2016. Law enforcement received 22% of what was needed, and jails received less than 50%.Less than half of the law enforcement agencies that the bureau funds and oversees are properly staffed, said Charles Addington, director of the BIA Office of Justice Service and a member of the Cherokee Nation.In August 2018, Fort Peck Tribal Police had funding for 21 positions, but nine of them were vacant, said Ken Trottier Jr., criminal investigations supervisor for the Fort Peck Tribes and a member of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa."We have a hiring pool that is literally nothing here on the reservation, even though we open it up to off-reservation people," he said. "There's no houses for sale. No houses for rent. Where's that person going to live?"Constant turnover and understaffing can lead to an undertrained police department, Deer said."[The survivor is] waiting for help. They don't know if help is coming. They don't know if the help is going to be compassionate and trained," Deer said. "The system is not feeling like a safe, productive system to them anymore."Big money but little justiceThree hours east of Fort Peck, the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota sits on the Bakken oil basin and has an annual budget of 0 million. The reservation is home to the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara Nation, or the Three Affiliated Tribes.Driving around the remote reservation, council member Dr. Monica Mayer points to a multimillion-dollar housing project that she says will soon have an aquatic center, baseball diamonds and mini golf.They've also built a million public safety and judicial center and increased staffing in the court system. In the past three years, the reservation has hired more than a dozen additional officers to help with what was an understaffed police department.CAPTION: Kurt Alme is the U.S. Attorney for Montana. (Newsy / Carrie Cochran)Despite this financial independence, the justice system still appears to be failing sexual assault survivors who decide to report."At every level, we are not adequately functioning to provide the services that are needed in a critical situation," Mayer said.The Fort Berthold tribal court does not have enhanced sentencing. The court sentenced three people for sexual assault from 2013 to mid-2018, according to court records. Sentences ranged from eight days to six months.The tribes' relationship with its federal partners — the BIA, the FBI and the U.S. attorneys — is crucial to helping survivors get justice. But based on interviews and records obtained from federal and tribal agencies, it's unclear if all sexual assaults on Fort Berthold were fully investigated by any agency in the past six years.The tribes are supposed to refer every major crime to either the BIA or the FBI for investigations. Both are charged with overseeing all major criminal investigations on Fort Berthold and will determine which agency takes the lead.The tribal criminal investigators had record of 66 sexual assault cases from January 2016 to September 2018. The BIA only had record of 10 investigations during that same time period. The FBI declined to provide any records.After Newsy asked about the status of these cases, Three Affiliated Tribes Police Captain Grace Her Many Horses, a member of the Oglala Sioux tribe from the Pine Ridge Reservation, said she would do a case file review."The priority for me, right now, is to go through those case files to find out what's been declined, why, and is there anything we can do to make it happen," she said. "I guess part of that is on me, too. I should know this by now."Grace Her Many Horses said she finished the case file review nearly a year later, but she did not provide the details of what she found, nor did she disclose whether the police referred all 66 cases up to their federal partners.Exactly one week after Newsy's last trip to Fort Berthold, during which reporters asked how sexual assaults and rapes are handled on the reservation, the Department of Justice and the BIA released a joint statement saying, "A number of concerns have been raised about public safety and criminal investigations on the Fort Berthold Reservation."Citing "the high rate of violence against women and children," it stated that the BIA was increasing the number of special agents from "one to two." As of the start of October, no second agent had started working on Fort Berthold.The United States Commission on Civil Rights has issued two reports on funding in Indian County, one in 2003 and an update in December 2018, called Broken Promises. The report said "the federal government continues to fail to support adequately the social and economic well-being of Native Americans," and that this "contributes to the inequities observed in Native American communities."Trying to make a differenceToday, Twila Szymanski works as the deputy court administrator for the Fort Peck Tribal Court, maintaining records and stats.Szymanski only reported one of her three assaults — the one when she was 14. Her case made it into federal court.The defendant pleaded guilty in 1995. He was sentenced to three years' probation and no prison time.CAPTION: Twila Szymanski is the deputy court administrator for the Fort Peck Tribal Court. (Newsy / Carrie Cochran)"Justice wasn't served, in my opinion," she said. "He was back in the community quickly, and I had to see him when this was all fresh."Szymanski is confronted with the memory of what happened to her each time a case comes up and each time she sees her perpetrator in the community.She said she uses her position in the court to go through cases and stop them from dropping through the cracks, and she is running for Fort Peck associate judge in the election this month."When the system has failed you time and time and time again, you don't feel empowered," Deer said. "It feels like a disconnect between this moment of 'Me Too' and the reality of Indian Country and sexual assault."Suzette Brewer is a writer specializing in federal Indian law, having written extensively on the Indian Child Welfare Act, environmental issues on reservations, the opioid crisis in Indian Country and violence against Native women and children. Her published books include “Real Indians: Portraits of Contemporary Native Americans and America’s Tribal Colleges” and “Sovereign: An Oral History of Indian Gaming in America.” She is the 2015 recipient of the Richard LaCourse-Gannett Foundation Al Neuharth Investigative Journalism Award for her work on the Indian Child Welfare Act. She is also a 2018 John Jay/Tow Juvenile Justice Reporting Fellow. She is a member of the Cherokee Nation and is from Stilwell, Oklahoma.You can watch"A Broken Trust" on Newsy's over-the-top streaming platforms, including Roku and FireTV, as well as online at newsy.com. For more details on where to watch, 13295

Whether it's searching for inner peace, getting good exercise, or simply enjoying nature, more and more people are getting outdoors. Popular trails attract hundreds of people a day, so park officials are working to find new ways to manage large crowds. A National Natural Landmark in Colorado has created a system to do just that."Hanging Lake is one of Colorado's most unique gems. If you were to Google Hanging Lake, it is probably likely to pop up on one of the top 10 locations to hike in Colorado," Deputy District Ranger Marcia Gilles said.Hanging Lake trail is a 1.2-mile trek to a lake that hangs in a valley. Its unique characteristics have turned it into one of nearly 600 National Natural Landmarks across the country. According to Heather Eggleston, with National Parks Service, there are NNL locations all over the U.S., big and small."A National Natural Landmark is an area that is recognized as containing outstanding biological or geological features, and each site really is an important example of America's natural heritage," Eggleston said.Valley of Fire in Las Vegas, Diamond Head on the island of Oahu, and Okefenokee Swamp in Georgia are a few other popular locations.Hanging Lake stands out because of its hanging gardens and minerals in the water that give it a gorgeous turquoise color. However, each year crowds have continued to grow. Now, the trail has started to get overrun with tourists, impacting the lake's fragile ecosystem."Visitors are coming from everywhere to visit this site because they're hearing about it," Gilles said. "The growth of Hanging Lake really took off with social-media influence, and when one person goes, they find out from their friends and see a picture and think 'I wanna go there.'"Gilles says the trail has seen a 50 percent increase in visitation the past three years. "On busy days, you would have 1,300 people hiking Hanging Lake," Gilles said.There was a loss of vegetation on the sides of the trail, people were littering, and parking at the bottom of the trail was nearly impossible."I heard before it was hard to find parking, you had to get here like super early," hiker Christina Tran said.It's a problem other NNLs are experiencing as well. Word of mouth travels fast, and a good time shared on social media travels even faster. Valley of Fire has tourists flocking to Las Vegas at a rate that's put a strain on that outdoor wonder. Same goes for Diamond Head and other NNLs this time of year. But the folks in charge of Hanging Lake have come up with solution. It involves a new system, requiring a permit and shuttle reservation.Six hundred and fifteen people are allowed on the hike each day. After reserving your spot online, you pick up your permit at the Hanging Lake Welcome Center and hop on a shuttle. Before the shuttle system was in place, Gilles said there was often a long line of cars waiting for a parking spot, or people would park illegally, and sometimes there were even fist fights.A little extra effort comes in making a reservation, but the hope is to preserve the national natural landmark, while also keeping hikers happy with the experience. "I mean there's pros and cons to both, but I'm not complaining about this system. I think it's convenient, and that way it preserves the land, doesn't have people parking everywhere," hiker Hannah Richard said."It's pretty tricky, and so you really wouldn't want to be stuck behind people or in tight groups. You want to be able to move freely to safely climb up there. So I think it's a pretty good system," hiker Denise Brooks said.Some parts are also blocked off, and signs have been added to help educate hikers on the best way to respect the land.Because each National Natural Landmark is owned by a variety of public and private landowners, there's no data to show how many NNLs are dealing with the issues that come from large masses of people.Since the new system has been implemented at Hanging Lake, the trail is slowly getting restored, and hikers say they can safely enjoy the trail, as nature intended it to be. To hike Hanging Lake, make your reservation here: 4125

Two rural town school districts in the United States were shut down early for the Thanksgiving holiday weekend due to a fast-spreading stomach virus causing an abnormally high number of absences.Mesa County Valley School District officials in Grand Junction, Colorado, closed the school district to decontaminate November 20, the Wednesday before the week of Thanksgiving. A high number of students were increasingly calling out sick due to an illness going around. “Before the school district shut down, we were aware of at least 13 schools within (Mesa County Valley) School District 51 that had increased absenteeism levels due to illness and that number was growing,” district officials said on a Facebook live video, addressing the problem. “What we’re suspecting at this time is it’s very much acting like a norovirus.”On November 25, Greater Albany Public Schools in Albany, Oregon, announced a district-wide closure for similar reasons — norovirus was going around causing high levels of absences.“It spreads really like wildfire through a community,” said Dr. Chris Nyquist, the medical director of infection prevention and control at Children’s Hospital Colorado. “I think norovirus is one of those viruses that comes up in wintertime often when you have small communities, thinking about schools, where a lot of kids are together. It’s very contagious, spreads quickly.”Norovirus symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea and nausea that can last days.“The best method that these schools have done, in conjunction with talking to their health department, is to really shut down and do extensive cleaning,” Nyquist said.Norovirus can transfer easily through close contact, and symptoms start as soon as two hours later. In small communities like Grand Junction or Albany, an outbreak like this can have a large impact.“The thing that’s really special and unique about rural Colorado is that schools are often time the hub of the community,” said Elaine Belansky, the executive director for the Center for Rural Health and Education at the University of Denver. “They don’t have that many boots on the ground to address big challenges like this.”But those communities are doing what they can to stop illness from spreading just as the holidays begin. Mesa County Valley School District posted a video of the decontamination process in one of their classrooms to Facebook to show the efforts being done.As for prevention, Nyquist said the best thing to do is to wash your hands with soap and water. 2512

When Shawna Justice was working on trapping some cats in a neighborhood in Riverview, Michigan, Saturday, she happened to see a dog in someone's yard and she thought he was dead. But when another dog barked, the lifeless dog lifted his head."To think he has spent God knows how long in that backyard dying like that is a very sickening thing," said Justice, who said that she called Riverview police Saturday in hopes of getting help for the dog that was in a fenced yard and no one was home. Justice said the officer on the other end of the line told her that he knew what dog she was talking about and said they'd been out there before and that his owners indicated the dog was about 18-years-old, had hip dysplasia and said there was nothing that could be done. Justice went live on Facebook with an urgent plea for people to call Riverview police to respond to her location quickly and get some sort of medical care for the dog that she knew could not withstand the heat much longer in his condition. The dog, that appears to be a Greyhound-mix, was emaciated. There was another dog in the yard and there was food and water available, but the emaciated dog was in no shape to get to it. Officers did arrive and could be heard on Justice's Facebook recording. "We're going to call animal control. I know they don't work on the weekend," said one officer, who told Justice that they would notify animal control on Monday. "She's suffering from that hip disease. Our canine has the same thing."The officers said they'd be back to check on the dog and see if the owner was home and then they left. Justice, believing the dog would not survive until Monday, remained at the house until the dog's owners returned home. They heard she was live on Facebook and they were upset. 1787

While negotiations continue in Congress to reach a deal to avert a partial government shutdown, there is virtually no chance a vote will happen Friday night -- all but assuring there will be a government shutdown at midnight.The House has adjourned, and Senate Majority Whip John Cornyn says there will be no vote Friday night in the Senate.Barring any very unexpected change, the third government shutdown of the year will happen.Vice President Mike Pence, budget director Mick Mulvaney and Trump's son-in-law, Jared Kushner, were on Capitol Hill on Friday afternoon meeting with senators, including Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, a New York Democrat, about finding a solution.The President has repeatedly said he is unwilling to accept anything less than billion for his long-promised border wall. But the fact that the billion border wall is viewed as a measure that would be impossible to pass in the Senate indicates that votes aren't there on the Hill to meet the President's demand.Funding for roughly a quarter of the federal government expires at midnight, including appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Justice, the Department of Housing and Urban Development and other parts of the government. 1266