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 Two 250,000-year-old teeth from two Neanderthal children revealed that both of them were exposed to lead twice during their short lifetimes, the first known case of lead exposure in Neanderthals.An international team of researchers studied the two teeth, as well as one from a modern human child who lived 5,000 years ago. All of them are from the same archaeological site in southeast France. The results of their analysis were published Wednesday in the journal Science Advances."Traditionally, people thought lead exposure occurred in populations only after industrialization, but these results show it happened prehistorically, before lead had been widely released into the environment," said Christine Austin, study co-author and assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. "Our team plans to analyze more teeth from our ancestors and investigate how lead exposures may have affected their health and how that may relate to how our bodies respond to lead today."And as with tree rings, researchers used the teeth to determine key events in the children's lives. During childhood, new teeth layers are formed each day, capturing chemical signatures that can be traced."Teeth record environmental variation based on the climate, even where you're growing up," said Tanya Smith, lead author of the study and associate professor at Griffith University. "That's possible because when you're growing, your teeth you actually lock in a record of the chemistry of the water and the food that you're eating and drinking. Because teeth have these tiny timelines, we can relate the chemistry to the growth to calculate ancient climate records. We can't do that with any other element of the body."They were able to determine that one of the Neanderthal children was born in the spring and that both children were more likely to be sick during the colder winter seasons. They lived through more extreme seasons with a greater variation in temperature than the modern human child who was also studied.The intact teeth had growth rings, which the researchers used to measure barium, lead and oxygen. Lasers targeted tiny spots in the teeth to map their chemistry and reconstruct ancient climate records. This reconstruction was able to map a weekly scale of variation, showing when the summer and winter seasons happened and how long they lasted. The researchers related this back to the individual's growth."This study reports a major breakthrough in the reconstruction of ancient climates, a significant factor in human evolution, as temperature and precipitation cycles influenced the landscapes and food resources our ancestors relied on," Smith said.The growth rings also provided evidence of nursing."We were able to identify milk intake through breastfeeding in one individual based on a trace element called barium," Smith said. "We were able to time that to the season."That individual nursed for 2? years, which is similar to modern human children who lived in hunter-gatherer environments. "This is something we may share in common with Neanderthals," Smith said. Unfortunately, although the Neanderthal child survived infancy, it did not reach adulthood. The ages of the children were not included in the study.The researchers believe that the children were exposed to lead environmentally, either inhaling or ingesting it."That must have come from natural deposits in the area, whether they were going into an underground environment or they were eating contaminated food that was incorporated into their growing bones and teeth," Smith said.Smith believes that this research emphasizes the different levels of information that can be taken from teeth."We've now got the ability to integrate ancient climate data with health history, nursing history and illness," she said. "To be able to get all that information from a single sample 250,000 years ago is a unique opportunity."But this doesn't just apply to studying those who lived before us."Dietary patterns in our early life have far-reaching consequences for our health, and by understanding how breastfeeding evolved, we can help guide the current population on what is good breastfeeding practice," said Manish Arora, study co-author and vice chairman of the Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health at the Icahn School of Medicine. "Our research team is working on applying these techniques in contemporary populations to study how breastfeeding alters health trajectories including those of neurodevelopment, cardiac health and other high-priority health outcomes." 4648

(CNN) -- Fear not, Halloween purists: Your beloved holiday will probably remain on October 31. But what's better than one day of witches and vampires roaming the street? Two days of treats!The group that petitioned to move Halloween to the last Saturday of October has a new proposal: Rather than change the date, why not add a whole extra day of spooks and haunts?On Wednesday, the Halloween & Costume Association proposed a new holiday: National Trick or Treat Day. It would fall on the last Saturday of October and thereby extend the official Halloween celebration, rather than moving it.Amending its initial change.org petition that garnered more than 100,000 signatures, the trade group said the new holiday will "enhance the Halloween that we all know and love" and unite the country in the process.The association will partner with Party City to launch #ALLoween, a campaign to promote the new holiday that -- fittingly -- hits stores on Friday, September 13, according to the petition.The association's campaign to shift Halloween to a Saturday began in 2018. Organizers claimed that the change would make the holiday "safer, longer and stress-free."After a year languishing on the petition website, it began picking up steam this month.The group didn't specifically outline just how a Saturday spookfest would make for a better Halloween, but in theory, the festivities could start earlier and end before the sun sets, working parents could accompany their trick-or-treaters, and school-age kids wouldn't miss their bedtimes.And as any child (or former child) can attest, there's nothing spookier than staying up late on a school night.There's a financial aspect, too: Halloween spending is expected to hit billion in 2019, according to the National Retail Federation. Double the celebration might bring double the reason to stock up on fake cobwebs and fun-sized candy.Is another holiday even needed?It's not uncommon for schools and neighborhoods to celebrate Halloween throughout the month of October.Family-friendly parades and weekend block parties make it possible for parents to watch kids closely or enjoy their own Halloween fun. And for kids, extra celebrations bring more opportunities to dress up, gorge on candy, carve pumpkins and bob for apples.Halloween has long terrified parents and consumer safety advocates for different reasons: People flooding the streets at night raises the risk of pedestrian deaths.Culturally insensitive or even downright racist costume choices appear every year despite repeated backlash. Oh, and it might be the only day when children are encouraged to take candy from strangers. 2648

 Las Vegas is getting set to host the first major event since the 1 October shooting.The Rock 'n' Roll Marathon and Half Marathon has 40,000 runners registered for Sunday's races.As one of the rare events that shuts down the Las Vegas Strip, security concerns are heightened this year in light of the recent tragedy."Up until the shooting I honestly didn't even think about security as an issue and as soon as that happened, I was a little nervous," said Tom Sullivan, who will be running his first marathon.Captain Andy Walsh with the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department is in charge of security this year.He says marathon safety really changed after the Boston Marathon bombing in 2014, and 1 October changed it again."We've added some counter-sniper surveillance posts along the route," Walsh said. "We're going to have coverage from our helicopter unit."He added there will be 350 officers on the ground plus several large vehicles like dump trucks and buses to act as makeshift barriers.Some runners say crossing the finish line has become even more imperative now than ever."Just because this may be harder or scarier, it's not going to stop me," Sullivan said.Esther Reincke is dedicating her run to Cameron Robinson, who died in October's shooting.Robinson was her co-worker and running buddy."I can run now and Cameron can't," Reincke said. "That's really moving for me, to have somebody that was so young and so full of life and really just getting his life going."Before the race Sunday, 58 white cross memorials will be moved from the 'Welcome to Las Vegas' sign to a museum.If you are heading down to the marathon, there will be some road closures to keep in mind. Las Vegas Boulevard will be closed in both directions, between Sunset Road and Ogden Avenue from 2 p.m. to 11:30 p.m.  1819

"We care about the safety of our community and want to provide assistance for people in distress. As outlined in our Community Standards, we don't allow the promotion of self-injury or suicide and will remove it when reported to us. We also provide people who have expressed suicidal thoughts, and people who want to reach out to a friend who may be struggling, with a number of support options and resources. These global tools and resources were developed with the help of over 70 mental health partners around the world and we’re continuously improving them to build a safer and more supportive community on Facebook.” 629

(AP) — Experts say it’s going to take months to kick elite hackers widely believed to be Russian out of U.S. government networks. The hackers have been quietly rifling through those networks for months in Washington’s worst cyberespionage failure on record. Experts say there simply are not enough threat-hunting teams to identify all the government and private-sector systems that may have been hacked. RELATED: Trump downplays Russia in first comments on cyberattackFireEye is the cybersecurity company that discovered the worst-ever intrusion into U.S. agencies and was among the victims. It has already tallied dozens of casualties. It’s racing to identify more.This week, the cybersecurity unit of the Department of Homeland Security says the hack “poses a grave risk” to the U.S. government and state and local governments as well as critical infrastructure and private business."CISA has determined that this threat poses a grave risk to the Federal Government and state, local, tribal, and territorial governments as well as critical infrastructure entities and other private sector organizations," the alert issued by the agency said. "CISA expects that removing this threat actor from compromised environments will be highly complex and challenging for organizations."RELATED: Hack against US is 'grave' threat, cybersecurity agency saysWhile President Trump has downplayed Russia's involvement, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo has said, "this was a very significant effort and I think it’s the case that now we can say pretty clearly that it was the Russians that engaged in this activity."Officials at the White House had been prepared to put out a statement Friday afternoon that accused Russia of being “the main actor” in the hack, but were told at the last minute to stand down, according to one U.S. official familiar with the conversations who spoke on condition of anonymity to discuss private deliberations. 1934