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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — In the race for a coronavirus vaccine, scientists often say we need more than one winner.That’s in part because different vaccines use different strategies to provoke the immune system, and each strategy has different strengths.Take the inactivated virus vaccine, an approach currently used in the vaccine against the poliovirus. In this approach, scientists take a live virus, kill it with chemicals or heat, and then introduce that viral corpse into a person.There are three groups in the final phase of human trials using inactivated coronavirus, primarily in China, according to a tracker from the Milken Institute.“The immune system can tell the difference between something that's a real threat and something that's not a threat, and so if you get injected with a dead virus your immune system has the tendency to not pay a lot of attention to that,” said Dr. Shane Crotty of the La Jolla Institute for Immunology.The downside of the inactivated virus approach is that it only elicits two out of the three of the parts of the immune system, Dr. Crotty said. It’s capable of producing antibodies and helper T-cells, but not killer T-cells.The modern take on the inactivated virus approach is called a viral vector vaccine.In this strategy, scientists combine elements of the coronavirus with a common cold virus called an adenovirus that won’t make you sick. Since the virus is alive, it can elicit all three kinds of immune responses, Dr. Crotty said.“There are no licensed vaccines right now that use that strategy, but there are all kinds of vaccine trials that have been done around the world with those types [of vaccines] showing that they're straightforward to manufacture. They're very safe,” he said.The University of Oxford is testing a viral vector vaccine for COVID-19 in a Phase 3 clinical trial.Then there are subunit vaccines. These include just a section -- or subunit -- of the virus’ protein.UC San Diego is working on a coronavirus candidate vaccine using this approach.There are subunit vaccines currently on the market for tetanus and other viruses.“Working with proteins is more challenging, just from a laboratory and manufacturing perspective,” Dr. Crotty said.Enter the next phase of vaccine development. Instead of using the virus itself or fragments of it, Inovio Pharmaceuticals is working on a vaccine strategy using just the virus’ genetic information.DNA-based vaccines simply introduce a genetically engineered blueprint of the virus into a person, and the cells do the rest.“Some people get confused about this. They think it’s a genetic vaccine that changes their DNA and becomes part of them, and that’s definitely not the case.” Dr. Crotty said. “They don’t become part of you. Your body chews them up.”Researchers have been working on DNA-based vaccines for about 20 years, Crotty said, but none are currently licensed for use.San Diego-based Arcturus Therapeutics is using an RNA-based approach, along with other companies like Pfizer and Moderna that have entered Phase 3 trials.Messenger RNA reads the DNA instructions and helps translate them into proteins.Dr. Crotty said the DNA and RNA approaches have similar drawbacks and benefits: they’ve never been approved for us, but both can be developed rapidly because they don’t require access to the physical virus.Around the world, there are more than 200 coronavirus vaccines currently in development, according to the Milken Institute. 3459
SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - If San Diego County has a case rate higher than 7.0 next week, it could be moved into the state’s purple tier which is the most restrictive tier for area businesses.Wednesday, county health officials said San Diego County was at a 4.5% testing positivity rate and 7.9 cases per 100,000 people. The current case rate it over the state's threshold of 7.0 cases per 100,000 residents reserved for the purple tier, the state's most restrictive.According to a breakdown from the California Department of Public Health, retail stores will have to lower to 25% capacity indoors, from 50% capacity.Restaurants must move to outdoor dining only, after operating at 25% capacity indoors or 100 people, whichever is fewer.Shopping centers will move to 25% capacity with closed common areas and a closed food court. They're currently operating at 50% capacity with closed common areas and a limited food court.Personal care businesses must move to outdoor operations after working indoors with modifications.Museums, zoos and aquariums will go to outdoors only after operating at 25% capacity indoors.RELATED: San Diego County wants SDSU's coronavirus cases nixed from case ratePlaces of worship and movie theaters will be held outdoors only, after operating at 25% capacity or 100 people.Gyms and fitness centers will also have to go outdoors only, after being open at 10% capacity indoors.Professional sports will remain the same and continue to operate but without live fans in stadiums.While the county's testing positivity has sat in the third tier (orange) for two weeks now, a county must meet both metrics for two weeks to move forward with less business restrictions."At a minimum, counties must remain in a tier for at least 3 weeks before moving forward ... To move forward, a county must meet the next tier’s criteria for two consecutive weeks. If a county’s metrics worsen for two consecutive weeks, it will be assigned a more restrictive tier," the state's website says. 1998

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- It’s almost time for kids to head back to school, and for parents, that means safety is top-of-mind.Luckily, there are a ton of apps to help your child stay safe.Whether you need to monitor their online activity or give them peace of mind by being able to report suspicious activity at school, there is something for every need. We’ve compiled a list of safety apps below: 405
SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — Memorial Day Weekend kicked off Friday night on the USS Midway. As a part of their Legacy Week, they had their annual benefit concert. This year, Daughtry took the stage. Kevin Beam is a big fan and made sure to buy his tickets early, “you got Memorial Day Weekend, Daughtry and beautiful San Diego”. People filled the top deck of the Midway. Ahead of the concert, the USS Midway Foundation presented three ,800 checks to different local charities. The night served as a way for people to remember and honor those who gave the ultimate sacrifice. Penny Erickson was especially grateful for the event Friday, “I’m from a military family my dad was from Pearl Harbor so it means a lot to me.” Chuck Erickson is a volunteer for the USS Midway and a veteran. Friday night, he tells 10News he’s making sure he is grateful all weekend long, “a lot of people lost their lives giving us the freedom we have today”. The USS Midway will have there Legacy Week events through Memorial Day. 1009
SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - It's a new twist on Black Friday shopping. Customers are flocking to buy ammunition before a new California gun law goes into effect. It’s called the “1 million round month.” Just a few hours after opening its doors, Poway Weapons and Gear Range sold half of their 1.2 million rounds of ammo. “Today is a direct reflection of the law,” says Danielle Rudolph, Director of Sales at Poway Weapons and Gear Range. “People are trying to stock up and save up now that way they don’t have to worry about it next year.” The new law starting in July says in addition to a gun permit, gun owners will have to pass another background check to buy ammunition. Retailers will then have to log the amount of ammo gun owners purchase in a database. The records will be sent to the Department of Justice. When asked about the store’s large sale, Ron Marcus with the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence said in part: “The bottom line is regardless of how people try to prepare themselves before the law goes into effect, majority of Californians voted on Prop. 63 that put these laws into effect."Store owners say they will order more ammunition for customers to purchase at a reduced price. The “1 million round month” sale will end December 31st. 1292
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