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WASHINGTON, May 2 (Xinhua) -- Rice originated in China, a team of U.S. genome researchers has concluded in a study tracing back thousands of years of evolutionary history through large-scale gene re-sequencing.Their findings, which appear Monday in the latest issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), indicate that domesticated rice may have first appeared as far back as approximately 9,000 years ago in the Yangtze Valley of China. Previous research suggested domesticated rice may have two points of origin -- India as well as China.Asian rice, Oryza sativa, is one of world's oldest crop species. It is also a very diverse crop, with tens of thousands of varieties known throughout the world. Two major subspecies of rice -- japonica and indica -- represent most of the world's varieties. Sushi rice, for example, is a type of japonica, while most of the long-grain rice in risottos are indica.Because rice is so diverse, its origins have been the subject of scientific debate. One theory -- a single-origin model -- suggests that indica and japonica were domesticated once from the wild rice O. rufipogon.Another -- a multiple-origin model -- proposes that these two major rice types were domesticated separately and in different parts of Asia. The multiple-origin model has gained currency in recent years as biologists have observed significant genetic differences between indica and japonica, and several studies examining the evolutionary relationships among rice varieties supported more than domestication in both India and China.In the PNAS study, the researchers re-assessed the evolutionary history, or phylogeny, of domesticated rice using previously published datasets, some of which have been used to argue that indica and japonica rice have separate origins. Using more modern computer algorithms, however, the researchers concluded these two species have the same origin because they have a closer genetic relationship to each other than to any wild rice species found in either India or China.In addition, the study's authors examined the phylogeny of domesticated rice by re-sequencing 630 gene fragments on selected chromosomes from a diverse set of wild and domesticated rice varieties. Using new modeling techniques, which had previously been used to look at genomic data in human evolution, their results showed that the gene sequence data was more consistent with a single origin of rice.In the study, the investigators also used a "molecular clock" of rice genes to see when rice evolved. Depending on how the researchers calibrated their clock, they pinpointed the origin of rice at possibly 8,200 years ago, while japonica and indica split apart from each other about 3,900 years ago. The study's authors pointed out that these molecular dates were consistent with archaeological studies.Archaeologists have uncovered evidence in the last decade for rice domestication in the Yangtze Valley beginning approximately 8, 000 to 9,000 years ago while domestication of rice in the India's Ganges region was around about 4,000 years ago."As rice was brought in from China to India by traders and migrant farmers, it likely hybridized extensively with local wild rice," explained New York University biologist Michael Purugganan, one of the study's co-authors. "So domesticated rice that we may have once thought originated in India actually has its beginnings in China."

BEIJING, March 10 (Xinhuanet) -- The price of preventing preterm labor is about to rise drastically in the U.S. next week.A drug for high-risk pregnant women costs about 10 to 20 dollars per injection. Next week, the price will shoot up to 1,500 dollars a dose, according to media reports Wednesday.This means the total cost during a pregnancy could be as much as 30,000 dollars.The massive increase comes after KV Pharmaceutical of St. Louis won an exclusive government license to produce the drug, known as Makena.The drug, a form of progesterone given as a weekly shot, has been made cheaply for years by unlicensed chemists.The March of Dimes and many obstetricians supported the move because it means quality will be more consistent and it will be easier to get, but none of them has anticipated the sharp price hike.Doctors and campaign groups have been caught out by the move, saying that the price hike may deter low-income women from getting the drug, leading to more premature births.

WASHINGTON, April 25 (Xinhua) -- A class of drugs that shows promise in breast and ovarian cancers with BRCA gene mutations could potentially benefit colorectal cancer patients with a different genetic mutation, a new study from the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center finds.Working in cell lines from colorectal cancer patients, researchers found that the class of drugs called PARP inhibitors worked against tumors with mutations in the MRE11 gene.About 15 percent of all colorectal cancers have what's called microsatellite instability, a type of error in the DNA. About 82 percent of those tumors have the MRE11 gene mutation."This is a potential broader application for PARP inhibitors, beyond breast and ovarian cancer. This is a class of drug that's already shown safety in early clinical trials and now might benefit some colorectal cancer patients as well," says lead study author Eduardo Vilar-Sanchez, a hematology/oncology fellow at the university, in a statement.The study, which was published Monday in Cancer Research, also found that PARP inhibitors are even more effective when both copies of MRE11 were mutated. Each person carries two copies of each gene, which means mutations can occur in either one or both copies. The researchers suggest that PARP inhibitors could be targeted specifically to colorectal cancer patients who have two copies of the mutated gene.Researchers are planning a phase I clinical trial to look at using PARP inhibitors in colorectal cancer patients with two mutated copies of MRE11. Future trials are being considered using PARP inhibitors to prevent colorectal cancer and other cancers in people with Lynch syndrome whose tumors have this mutation.Microsatellite instability is also seen in prostate cancer and endometrial cancer, suggesting potential for PARP inhibitors to play a role in additional types of cancer as well, Vilar-Sanchez says, adding that more research is needed in these areas.

NAIROBI, Jan. 28 (Xinhua) -- Although exact details surrounding the situation are not known at this time, there are indications that the fishing vessel TAI JUAN 227 from China's Taiwan has been released from pirate control, the EU anti piracy mission said on Friday.The vessel, which had a crew of 28 at the time of the attack, was pirated on May 6, 2010 while operating 700 Nm North East of Seychelles.EU Naval Force spokesman Paddy O'Kennedy said in a statement that although direct contact with the crew has not been possible, the vessel's owners apparently received a call from the master stating that they had been released but that they did not know why.According to the EU naval force, the crew were provided with fresh food and water by a U.S. warship after the release. The vessel is currently heading away from Somalia.The naval spokesman also said that there is confusion surrounding the details of the release as, until three days ago, the FV TAI YUAN 227 was suspected as being used as a pirate mothership.The Gulf of Aden, a body of water between Somalia and Yemen, is the main sea route between Europe and Asia.Tankers carrying Middle East oil through the Suez Canal must pass first through the Gulf of Aden. Pirate gangs operating along Somalia's coastline have become increasingly audacious over the past two years, hijacking dozens of merchant ships and their crews to earn ransoms that can top 1 million U.S. dollars per ship.So far the fledgling Somali government has not dared go after the pirate strongholds, since pirate leaders have more power than the beleaguered government.

BEIJING, May 5 (Xinhua) -- A Chinese official has vowed to take every possible measure to ensure food safety in the country, saying the government has decided to launch national overhauls this year on sectors including milk products, cooking oil, health foods, meat and alcohol.Zhang Yong, director of the executive office of the food safety commission under the State Council, or Cabinet, said in an interview with Xinhua that the food and drinks in these five sectors are consumed in enormous quantities each day and they will do great harm and have an extensive social impact if a problem arises.Through special campaigns to overhaul these five sectors and by solving the most prominent problems, the government aims to accumulate experiences and create administrative systems in a bid to prevent food safety incidents and raise the overall level of food safety, Zhang said.The central government initiated a prolonged and stringent fight against the illegal use of additives in food last month, detailing measures to intensify supervision, upgrade safety limits, and increase penalties for violators.Vice Premier Li Keqiang warned of the great harm from illegal additives in food at a high-profile national meeting last month, promising a "firm attitude, iron-hand measures and more efforts" in dealing with the problem.Zhang Yong admitted "China is in a period when food safety incidents are likely to arise" since the country's food industry is on a fast track for development and a large number of food producers and catering operators are running their businesses in a small-scale or scattered way."It makes it more difficult for the government departments to conduct supervision on food quality and safety," Zhang said."We will take every possible measure to consolidate the feeble foundation to ensure food safety and curb food safety incidents as soon as possible," he said.According to Zhang, the government will also make efforts to improve supervision and emergency handling capabilities, raise the credibility and personnel quality of the involved enterprises, and severely punish violators.The Chinese government made the moves after a series of food safety scandals emerged despite the authorities' efforts to revamp the country's food industry. They included steamed buns dyed with unidentified chemicals, the use of "lean meat powder", also known as clenbuterol, a kind of fat-burning drug, as well as the use of illegal cooking oil known as "gutter oil."

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