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Their youthful brains were developing normally, with no signs of developmental, psychological or neurological problems. None had ever had a concussion. But by the end of a single football season, 24 children between the ages of 9 and 18 who had more frequent impacts to the head showed signs of damage to brain development, new research says."Repetitive head impact exposure may have a cumulative effect in the rapidly developing brains of youth and high school football players," said study co-author Gowtham Krishnan Murugesan, a radiology research assistant at UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, adding that the results mirror other recent findings.The study outfitted 60 youth and high school football players who had no history of head trauma or developmental issues with a head impact telemetry system that measures the magnitude, location and direction of impacts to the head. The researchers were not looking at whether the impact resulted in a concussion, only that impact occurred.The children were sorted into two categories: high cumulative head impact players (24) and low cumulative head impact players (36).Before beginning to play, each child had a resting state functional scan, known as an fMRI; the scans were repeated at the end of football season. The researchers were trying to see how exposure to repetitive hits affects the normal "pruning" process in the brain that occurs during adolescence."Pruning is an essential part of brain development," Murugesan said, comparing the process to how a tree needs to have dead or unneeded branches cut to keep it healthy and allow it to grow."Disruption in normal pruning has been shown to be related to weaker connections between different parts of the brain," he said.After comparing the functional MRI results to the player's level of impact, the researchers found that youth in the high-impact group had damage to their brains' pruning process after one season."Our study has found a significant decrease in gray matter pruning in the frontal default mode network, which is involved in higher cognitive functions, such as the planning and controlling of social behaviors, " Murugesan said.Although the "teenage years are a critical time for brain development, brain remodeling or synaptic pruning, this was a short-term study and did not follow the players longitudinally over several years. We don't really know the full application," said Dr. Julian Bailes, director of neurosurgery and co-director of the NorthShore University HealthSystem Neurological Institute, who was not involved in the research.Weill Cornell neurologist Dr. Richard Isaacson, who was also not involved in the study, called the research "early" and said the results don't necessarily "translate to a clinical or cognitive outcome." More research is needed to see whether the decline in brain pruning permanently affected the child's cognitive function or whether the brain's natural plasticity allowed it to repair itself."I would call this a pilot study," Isaacson said. "The call to action would be that we need more robust longitudinal studies with a pre- and a post-assessment of more than brain imaging. The study should also measure cognitive and neurological function and look for changes."As we learn more about the issue, Isaacson said, parents should do everything they can to limit contact in sports, "especially in practice before games, where studies show the majority of contact occurs." 3464

They've been ignored for decades, but now, drive-in movie theaters are making a huge comeback. It's the only place where large crowds of people can see a movie together, and still maintain a social distance.Usually on vacant lots or in rural areas, the drive-in was hugely popular. Until it wasn't. Fancy theaters took over and many of those sites became a piece of history, the empty lots they sat on often doubling as a swap meet.“It’s been one of the most interesting stories of the pandemic, in terms of the movie business, is that drive-ins, which have been mostly ignored since the 70s and 80s, have become the focal point for theatrical movie going and for people who want to get out of the house and go to the movies, because those are the spaces that are open and I think it will have an impact going forward,” said Ross Melnick, professor of film and media studies at the University of California Santa Barbara.Melnick is also the man behind the website Cinema Treasures. The site provides research on more than 50,000 theaters around the world. “It features memories, comments, data, photographs; it’s a globally crowd-sourced information database in which people can talk about when they worked at theaters, the information they have on them. as well as remembering their history and contemporary function,” he explained.Now, it's a social site. People keeping in touch, remembering their favorite theaters, and their favorite memories. “When you’re home, you’re thinking about what you’re missing, what you used to do--used to go to the restaurant, coffee shop and one of the things they used to do is go to the movies,” Melnick said.The Memphis-based Malco Theatres has been a family business since 1915. There are 36 locations and one drive-in, which recently reopened. Malco called it a "socially distant cinematic success."“It’s selling out. It’s like the glory days,” said David Tashie, president of Malco Theatres. “Cars are piling in. The food is different, there’s walk-up tents and we’re bringing the food, so it’s definitely making a surge, and hopefully it continues when the indoor theaters open."The "glory days" as shown from this newspaper clipping on the cinema treasures site. Malco Theatres have been through a lot through the decades, having to adapt to every technological evolution. “We were the first to integrate theatres,” said Tashie. “We’ve survived Spanish flu, wars.”And now, they've survived a pandemic. “There’s a lot of history here we’re trying to protect and we’re on it, and Hollywood needs to keep delivering movies and we’ll have great places to show them,” he said.The Summer Drive-in is not alone. Melnick says there's been pop-up drive-ins all over the country and world. Some are so full they're turning people away. It's the one place where people can be together, even if they're not. "The longevity of the kind of business it creates a stake in the community there’s this continuum you have this place that and multiple generations have grown up in the area,” Melnick said. “The summer drive-in is this consistent location for rites of passage- childhood, teenage hood or parenthood. You have this consistency.” 3175

There have now been more than 2 million confirmed cases of the novel coronavirus in the United States, according to a database kept by Johns Hopkins University.The U.S. surpassed the milestone early Thursday morning. More than 112,000 people have died in connection with the virus in the United States — all of them coming since February.Across the country, many regions are seeing a gradual increase in cases as states ease lockdown restrictions. Earlier this week, 14 states reported 7-day highs associated in newly-reported cases. Some of those see increases have occurred in rural areas of the country.More than 7.25 million people worldwide have contracted the disease since it was first detected in China late last year. The U.S. continues to lead all countries in confirmed cases, followed by Brazil (about 740,000 cases), Russia (about 493,000 cases) and the United Kingdom (about 290,000 cases).The U.S.also leads all countries in deaths linked to the virus, followed by the U.K. (about 41,000), Brazil (about 38,000) and Italy (about 34,000).Health experts suspect that the true number of people who have been infected with the coronavirus is likely much higher. Many people often experience mild symptoms and never seek out a test. Some countries, like the U.S., were also limited by a lack of testing resources at the beginning of the outbreak.Though there is currently no cure or vaccine for the coronavirus, Dr. Anthony Fauci of the National Institute for Allergies and Infectious Diseases says he hopes the NIH will have a "couple hundred million" doses of a viable vaccine available by the end of the year. 1630

Those looking to make a smaller carbon footprint when they eat out or order food have a new option. Panera announced this week they will label items on their menu that have a low impact on the climate as “Cool Food Meals.”Panera is partnering with the World Resources Institute to identify climate-friendly entrees, with a low impact on the climate. The company says about 55 percent of their entrees have the “Cool Food Meal” designation.“At Panera, we are passionate about keeping the customer at the heart of everything we do, and that includes giving our guests choices to lower their impact on climate change through the food they eat in our bakery-cafes,” said Niren Chaudhary, Chief Executive Officer, Panera Bread in a press release. “Understanding the impact of what we eat on the environment is one way we can all take a small step toward combating climate change.”The World Resources Institute says they recommend Americans try for 3.59 kg CO2e at breakfast, and about 5.38 kg CO2e for lunch or dinner.These benchmarks represent a roughly 38 percent decrease from current averages, which will help the country meet environmental standards established in the Paris Agreement on climate change.In general, plant-based foods have a lower impact on the environment than meat or daily products. However, it’s also about moderation.The WRI looks at entree ingredients to determine its carbon footprint accounting for emissions during the agricultural supply chains and land used to produce the meal.Some of the items that get the new designation include Panera’s broccoli cheddar soup, Fuji apple chicken salad, and Mediterranean bowl.Roughly 25 percent of greenhouse gas emissions are from agriculture and related deforestation, according to WRI. 1760

The U.S. Department of Agriculture announced on Thursday that it is looking for ways to transition some people off of the department's Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).Specifically, the USDA is looking at beneficiaries who are not disabled and who don't have any dependents.“Long-term dependency has never been part of the American dream,” said U.S. Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue. “USDA’s goal is to move individuals and families from SNAP back to the workforce as the best long-term solution to poverty. Everyone who receives SNAP deserves an opportunity to become self-sufficient and build a productive, independent life.”Related:?Trump administration proposes Blue Apron-style overhaul for food stamps 773

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