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With a coronavirus vaccine still months off, companies are rushing to test what may be the next best thing: drugs that deliver antibodies to fight the virus right away, without having to train the immune system to make them.Antibodies are proteins the body makes when an infection occurs; they attach to a virus and help it be eliminated. Vaccines work by tricking the body into thinking there’s an infection so it makes antibodies and remembers how to do that if the real bug turns up.But it can take a month or two after vaccination or infection for the most effective antibodies to form. The experimental drugs shortcut that process by giving concentrated versions of specific ones that worked best against the coronavirus in lab and animal tests.“A vaccine takes time to work, to force the development of antibodies. But when you give an antibody, you get immediate protection,” said University of North Carolina virologist Dr. Myron Cohen. “If we can generate them in large concentrations, in big vats in an antibody factory ... we can kind of bypass the immune system.”These drugs are believed to last for a month or more and could give quick, temporary immunity to people at high risk of infection, such as health workers and housemates of someone with COVID-19. If they proved effective and if a vaccine doesn’t materialize or protect as hoped, the drugs might eventually be considered for wider use, perhaps for teachers or other groups.They’re also being tested as treatments, to help the immune system and prevent severe symptoms or death.“The hope there is to target people who are in the first week of their illness and that we can treat them with the antibody and prevent them from getting sick,” said Dr. Marshall Lyon, an infectious disease specialist helping to test one such drug at Emory University in Atlanta.Having such a tool “would be a really momentous thing in our fight against COVID,” Cohen said.Vaccines are seen as a key to controlling the virus, which has been confirmed to have infected more than 20 million people worldwide and killed more than 738,000. Several companies are racing to develop vaccines, but the results of the large final tests needed to evaluate them are months away.The antibody drugs are “very promising” and, in contrast, could be available “fairly soon,” said Dr. Janet Woodcock, a U.S. Food and Drug Administration official who is leading government efforts to speed COVID-19 therapies. Key studies are underway and some answers should come by early fall.One company, Eli Lilly, has already started manufacturing its antibody drug, betting that studies now underway will give positive results.“Our goal is to get something out as soon as possible” and to have hundreds of thousands of doses ready by fall, said Lilly’s chief scientific officer, Dr. Daniel Skovronsky.Another company that developed an antibody drug cocktail against Ebola — Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. — now is testing one for coronavirus.“The success with our Ebola program gives us some confidence that we can potentially do this again,” said Christos Kyratsous, a Regeneron microbiologist who helped lead that work.Regeneron’s drug uses two antibodies to enhance chances the drug will work even if the virus evolves to evade action by one.Lilly is testing two different, single-antibody drugs — one with the Canadian company AbCellera and another with a Chinese company, Junshi Biosciences. In July, Junshi said no safety concerns emerged in 40 healthy people who tried it and that larger studies were getting underway.Others working on antibody drugs include Amgen and Adaptive Biotechnologies. The Singapore biotech company Tychan Pte Ltd. also is testing an antibody drug and has similar products in development for Zika virus and yellow fever.“I’m cautiously optimistic” about the drugs, said the nation’s top infectious diseases expert, Dr. Anthony Fauci. “I’m heartened by the experience that we had with Ebola,” where the drugs proved effective.What could go wrong?— The antibodies may not reach all of the places in the body where they need to act, such as deep in the lungs. All the antibody drugs are given through an IV and must make their way through the bloodstream to wherever they’re needed.— The virus might mutate to avoid the antibody — the reason Regeneron is testing a two-antibody combo that binds to the virus in different places to help prevent its escape.Skovronsky said Lilly stuck with one antibody because manufacturing capacity would essentially be cut in half to make two, and “you will have less doses available.” If a single antibody works, “we can treat twice as many people,” he said.— The antibodies might not last long enough. If they fade within a month, it’s still OK for treatment since COVID-19 illness usually resolves in that time. But for prevention, it may not be practical to give infusions more often than every month or two.A San Francisco company, Vir Biotechnology Inc., says it has engineered antibodies to last longer than they usually do to avoid this problem. GlaxoSmithKline has invested 0 million in Vir to test them.Giving a higher dose also may help. If half of antibodies disappear after a month, “if you give twice as much, you will have two months’ protection,” Lilly’s Skovronsky said.— The big fear: Antibodies may do the opposite of what’s hoped and actually enhance the virus’s ability to get into cells or stimulate the immune system in a way that makes people sicker. It’s a theoretical concern that hasn’t been seen in testing so far, but large, definitive experiments are needed to prove safety.“As best as we can tell, the antibodies are helpful,” Lyon said.___Marilynn Marchione can be followed on Twitter: @MMarchioneAP___The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content. 5919

When it comes to airline safety, mechanical problems and security issues are usually a passenger's top concerns. But there's a possible health risk airline crew members call a stinky little secret.Crew members work to keep passengers safe and comfortable when flying but there's a secret they want you to know about in the cabin air. Flight attendants and pilots call it the "dirty sock smell."One flight attendant, who was granted anonymity for this story for fear of losing his job, says that smell sent him to the emergency room last summer."(The) smell kept getting intense, intense. (I) started to get light-headed, wanting to throw up," "Andrew" said. "For almost 15 minutes the smell just kept getting stronger and it didn't go away. That's when I felt extremely sick, light-headed and was hard to breathe."He wasn't the only one with a serious reaction.   "My other flight attendant next to me asked, 'Is that the smell that everyone's been talking about?' Everyone called it the 'dirty sock smell,'" the flight attendant said.According to industry insiders, the source of that foul stench comes from how airplanes are designed. Air in airplane cabins comes from "bleed air" — air that begins as fresh air outside that enters the jet engine. After entering the engine, some of that air "bleeds" off, mixed in with recycled cabin air and then is pumped back into the cabin.When a gasket leaks inside the jet engine, fumes from hydraulic fluids, oils or de-icing agents can enter the cabin.Julie Anderson, a representative from flight attendant union Association of Flight Attendants, says some of the oils that enter the cabin contain neurotoxic additives."Engine oil fumes contain a very complex mixture of chemicals that can include carbon monoxide," Anderson said. She added that the "dirty sock smell" can lead to hypoxia, headache, dizziness, feeling faint, confusion and even incapacitation."That's obviously an issue for flight safety and security," she said.When Andrew's plane landed and the flight attendants' symptoms persisted, they were sent to the emergency room."They said I had a high level of carbon monoxide detected in my blood," he said. Anderson says the industry has known about the problem since the 1950's and she says the solution is elementary. "My 11-year-old can recognize that it doesn't make sense to compress air in an engine that can leak oil, and feed that air to people in an enclosed space, without putting a filter on board," she said. As simple as that sounds, the stink about dirty sock smell is wafting into the courtroom. In an ongoing lawsuit, a group of flight attendants is suing Boeing, claiming their health suffered from a fume event on an Alaska Airlines flight. Boeing declined a request for an interview but issued a statement, saying that "Boeing has not changed its position that cabin air is safe to breathe." (See Boeing's full statement below) Even so, Boeing's new Dreamliner 787 doesn't use bleed air at all. Instead, air is generated by compressors. But that's the only plane in the sky using that system. Flight attendant Andrew is now plagued by a nagging cough and has to use an inhaler, causing him to worry more about travelers.   "I was concerned that if someone got sick, they wouldn't know why they got sick," he said. "My first responsibility is the safety and security of my passengers."Airbus, the FAA and trade organization Airlines for America all issued statements when asked for comment. Airbus stated they are "...not familiar with the events you're talking about" and referred to this study which concludes while concentrates in cabin air are present, they are very low and evidence doesn't show there is a health risk. The European Aviation Safety Agency published studies on cabin air quality in March of 2017. Allegiant and Spirit never responded to a request for comment. United Airlines referred reporters to Airlines for America.STATEMENT FROM BOEING: 4066

With New Year's Eve right around the corner, a new San Diego company says it can deliver the cure to a hangover right to your front door. But the cost-benefit of the service is up for debate. The company, called CureDash, is an app on the iPhone and GooglePlay stores. It connects San Diegans to providers that offer house calls with licensed nurses who administer an I.V. with a saline-based solution to help rehydrate. They promise to arrive within an hour. "Me and my co-founder both got it and we felt the results within minutes," said Emil Juboori, who co-founded CureDash. "You can request our service through our app. You'll have a short video call with our doctor, you'll do a quick assessment and then we dispatch a nurse to your location."Juboori said the nurses do check patients vitals and ask them health questions once they arrive at their homes. CureDash costs 5 and does not take insurance. "I wouldn't consider this to be effective medical therapy," said Dr. Shawn Evans, an emergency room physician at Scripps Memorial Hospital in La Jolla. "My strong preference is if you think you need somebody coming out to your house to put a needle into your arm to give you massive resuscitative fluids, ultimately you should be in front of a qualified medical professional and making sure you don't have something more significant."Evans said an I.V. can make you feel better in the short term, but you will urinate a good portion of the extra fluids within an hour. Evans said a trip to urgent care is likely more affordable and that he remains concerned about at-home services like these. Evans said an affordable way to rehydrate is to mix:Six teaspoons of sugarA half teaspoon of saltFour cups of warm waterEvans said to drink a mouthful every five minutes and it will stay in your system. 1814

Winston-Salem, NC (WGHP) -- Two women were arrested on child abuse charges Tuesday, according to a news release from Winston-Salem police in North Carolina.Michaela Pearson and Candice Little are each charged with felony child abuse and three counts of contributing to the delinquency of a minor.Officers received numerous reports of a Facebook video showing multiple young children being given what appeared to be an illegal substance by two women.The children were 2 years old, 3 years old and 18 months old, according to arrest warrants. 548

WICHITA, Kan. (KGTV) -- The NCAA Tournament ended Thursday night for the Aztecs after the team lost to the Houston Cougars 67-65. Rob Gray drove for a wind-milling layup that just trickled over the rim with 1.1 seconds left, and Trey Kell's off-balance 3-pointer at the buzzer was no good, giving No. 6 seed Houston a 67-65 victory over San Diego State in the first round of the NCAA Tournament on Thursday night.Devin Watson had just tied the game for the Aztecs with a turnaround 3-pointer, his second in a matter of seconds, when Gray dribbled up floor with 29 seconds left.He allowed the clock to tick down to six seconds before crossing over, scooting under two defenders and scooping up his shot.The layup gave him 39 points and the Cougars (27-7) their first tournament win since 1984.Devin Davis and Corey Davis Jr. added nine points apiece for Houston, which lost two players to fouls down the stretch, and struggled to contain the Aztecs' big front line. 977

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