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WASHINGTON, Jan. 16 (Xinhua) -- A new study examining weather patterns around the worldwide pandemics of influenza, which caused widespread death and illness in 1918, 1957, 1968 and 2009, finds that each of them was preceded by La Nina conditions in the equatorial Pacific. The study findings are published online Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.The study's authors -- Jeffrey Shaman of Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health and Marc Lipsitch of the Harvard School of Public Health -- note that the La Nina pattern is known to alter the migratory patterns of birds, which are thought to be a primary reservoir of human influenza. The scientists theorize that altered migration patterns promote the development of dangerous new strains of influenza.To examine the relationship between weather patterns and influenza pandemics, the researchers studied records of ocean temperatures in the equatorial Pacific in the fall and winter before the four most recent flu pandemics emerged. They found that all four pandemics were preceded by below-normal sea surface temperatures -- consistent with the La Nina phase of the El Nino- Southern Oscillation.The authors cite other research showing that the La Nina pattern alters the migration, stopover time, fitness and interspecies mixing of migratory birds. These conditions could favor the kind of gene swapping or genetic reassortment that creates novel and therefore potentially more variations of the influenza virus."We know that pandemics arise from dramatic changes in the influenza genome. Our hypothesis is that La Nina sets the stage for these changes by reshuffling the mixing patterns of migratory birds, which are a major reservoir for influenza," says Shaman.Changes in migration not only alter the pattern of contact among bird species, they could also change the ways that birds come into contact with domestic animals like pigs. Gene-swapping between avian and pig influenza viruses was a factor in the 2009 swine flu pandemic.

WASHINGTON, Oct. 9 (Xinhua) -- U.S. researchers have found a way to block, in an animal model, the damaging inflammation that contributes to many disease conditions. In their report receiving early online publication Sunday in Nature Biotechnology, researchers describe using small interfering RNA technology to silence the biochemical signals that attract a particular group of inflammatory cells to areas of tissue damage."The white blood cells known as monocytes play a critical role in the early stages of the immune response," says Matthias Nahrendorf, of the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Center for Systems Biology, the paper's senior author. "We now know there are two subsets of monocytes -- an inflammatory subset that defends against pathogens and a reparative subset that supports healing. But if the inflammatory response is excessive, it can block the healing process and exacerbate conditions such as heart disease and cancer."Cells damaged by injury or disease release a cocktail of chemicals called cytokines that attract immune cells to the site of the damage. Inflammatory monocytes are guided to sites of tissue injury by a receptor protein called CCR2, and the MGH-led team devised a strategy targeting that molecule to block the inflammatory process but not the action of the reparative monocytes.Small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology prevents production of specific proteins by binding to associated messenger RNA molecules and preventing their translation. However, the technique requires extreme precision in developing the right siRNA molecule and delivering it to the correct cellular location.To make sure that their siRNA preparation targeted the right monocytes, researchers first confirmed that its use reduced levels of CCR2 in monocytes and increased levels of the fragments produced when siRNA binds to its target. They then showed that monocytes from mice treated with the siRNA preparation were unable to migrate towards CCR2's usual molecular target. Experiments in animal models of several important diseases showed that the siRNA preparation reduced the amount of cardiac muscle damaged by a heart attack, reduced the size and the number of inflammatory cells in atherosclerotic plaques and in lymphomas, and improved the survival of transplanted pancreatic islets."These inflammatory monocytes are involved in almost every major disease," Nahrendorf explains. "Anti-inflammatory drugs currently on the market hit every inflammatory cell in the body, which can produce unwanted side effects. This new siRNA treatment doesn't affect inflammatory cells that don't rely on the CCR2 receptor. That makes a big difference."

ACCRA, Dec. 1 (Xinhua) -- The Ghanaian government allayed the fears of many here on Thursday that it would provide funding for the treatment of persons living with HIV/AIDS in the country.Vice President John Dramani Mahama affirmed this when he addressed a ceremony to mark this year's World AIDS Day at Obuasi, near Kumasi, 270 km north of the capital Accra.Mahama said should the Global Fund pull out of supporting the country, the government would partner with development partners to raise the 5.8 million U. S. dollars needed yearly for the treatment of HIV/AIDS patients."Government will work together with the Ghana AIDS Commission (GAC) and donor partners to ensure that people living with HIV/ AIDS have access to antiretroviral drugs."The Presidency is with you, and whatever we will do to win the fight against HIV/AIDS shall be done," Mahama said.Ghana's HIV/AIDS infection rate, according to official figures, has dropped from 3 percent to the current 1.5 percent, albeit with pockets of higher rates of infection among some populations in the country.Mahama called for more innovativeness in mobilizing resources to avoid the danger of retrogression.Director-General of the GAC Angela El-Adas announced that the Ministry of Health had pledged 2.5 million Ghana cedis (1.66 million dollars) out of the 5.8 million dollars needed for next year.Meanwhile, in the capital, the Ghana Network of Persons Living with HIV and AIDS (NAP+ GHANA) joined persons living with HIV (PLHIV) globally on Thursday to commemorate this year's World AIDS Day."We stand united with our fellow PLHIV and the global HIV and AIDS community by fully supporting the vision of 'Getting to Zero', " Charity Owusu Danso, vice president of NAP+ Ghana, said in a message here.Established in 2005, NAP+GHANA is a network of member associations of persons living with HIV/AIDS in Ghana to represent the views, hopes and aspirations of PLHIV across the country."We are extremely worried. Everyday, we receive reports from PLHIV across the country that anti-retroviral drugs are out of stock or that hospitals or clinics won't give HIV treatment to new patients because there aren't even enough drugs for existing patients, " the statement said.

KATHMANDU, Oct. 30 (Xinhua) -- "One of the major problems of death due to breast cancer in Nepal is poverty and untimely diagnosis," said Dr. Abish Adhikari Oncologist at the Bir Hospital in Nepali capital Kathmandu in an exclusive interview with Xinhua on Sunday.Adhikari said that the other reason why breast cancer leads to death of women is "women are not decision makers in their houses"."Many people who come here do not want to treat their wives or daughters because of the expenses as they are poor and it is really expensive here to treat cancer," Adhikari said.According to the Nepal Cancer Relief Society, of all cancer cases among the Nepali women and teenage girls as well, 60 percent is of breast cancer.Unverified rough data of the breast cancer patients in Nepal are above 50,000.Adhikari added that women are shy to talk about the problems of breast. They do not go to hospitals for the check up until they are bedridden and at the time they reach hospital they are mostly in the advanced stage.The major causes behind the breast cancer in Nepal are heredity, late pregnancy, consumption of alcohol and smoking. However, unawareness about it remains another major problem that leadind to death of many women in Nepal.Moreover, the rural women in Nepal are unaware about breast cancer, and if they are having some problem, they tend to hide it.Talking to Xinhua, Sajani Manandhar, General Secretary of Richa Bajimaya Memorial Foundation, a cancer awareness raising group said that the major cause of the preventable cancer in Nepal is unawareness.Also a nurse by profession, she said that no one bothers about mammography or regular checkup but are diagnosed at the very late stage.There are less than five hospitals that provide mammography service in the country.Roshani Chitrakar, 48 who is in advanced stage of cancer said that she did not told anyone while she found something unusual in her breast because it was not painful."I took it normally, but when I thought it might be a cancer and told my family and I was already in the advanced stage," she said.Her daughter, Roji Manandhar, said that the doctor has already told that she will not be living long. She is having difficulty even to eat currently.Another cancer patient, 67 years old farmer, Nakkali Nahakhusi said that she told her husband when she found her breast unusual. Her husband, former armyman, immediately took her to the hospital when she told about the problem.Now, she is already cured, and said with smilingly that the god of death did not want to take me away.She said that awareness should be raised because cancer is curable at the early stage.