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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — The back-to-back announcements of promising clinical trial results from Pfizer and Moderna may usher in a new era for vaccine technology.Both companies have candidates that rely on a new kind of vaccine strategy: RNA. Preliminary data show both candidates are more than 90 percent effective.On the surface, the vaccine candidates look like any other you’ve taken. They work by training your body to build up defensive weapons against a virus, like antibodies and T-cells.But instead of training your body by introducing a killed virus or a fragment of a virus, the vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer introduce a set of instructions called messenger RNA enclosed in a little blob of fat.“The key concept of RNA is that they’re messages, and they’re meant as short-term messages,” said Dr. Shane Crotty of the La Jolla Institute for Immunology.Crotty said there are 5,000 to 10,000 messages within a cell at any given time.Once administered, the mRNA in the vaccine instructs some of your cells to make the coronavirus’ signature spike protein. The spike protein on the surface of the coronavirus allows it to infiltrate and hijack cells.Even though the spike protein is just one of about 25 genes the virus has, preliminary results from the clinical trials suggest it is enough material to train the immune system without making the recipient sick.Crotty likened the process of training the immune system to spotting a sedan. If the coronavirus is a car, the spike protein might be the door.“There's no way that car door could turn into a whole car, but it's enough of a piece of a car for your immune system to recognize that car if it saw it again,” he said.Scientists started by sequencing the virus’ DNA from a sick patient, then encoding that genetic sequence into an mRNA instruction molecule that can be read by the manufacturing part of cells.From there, Dr. Crotty said it’s a bit like the messenger app Snapchat.The mRNA gets injected into the body, sending temporary instructions to your cells that last for a while, then disappear. mRNA does not genetically modify cells, he stressed.“They’re around as messages for some period of time and then they go away, and the cells get back to their normal job of reading their own messages instead of reading the messages you’re injecting in the vaccine,” he said.The concept has been around since the 1990s, but there are currently no RNA vaccines on the market for any pathogen, so Dr. Crotty said it’s hard to estimate how long their protective effects will last.Some vaccines offer a lifetime of protection, like the measles vaccine. Others offer decades of protection. The flu vaccine only lasts about six months.Dr. Crotty said the length of protection depends on how fast the virus mutates and how long the immune cells survive in the body.But even if the COVID-19 vaccine turns out to need an annual update, he’s optimistic. The best feature of RNA vaccines is that they can be quickly reprogrammed.Both Moderna and Pfizer are still in their Phase 3 trials, but they expect to finish them by December. Together, they estimate they’ll have enough doses for about 35 million people by the end of this year, primarily for healthcare workers and high-risk individuals. 3250

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - Teachers across the U.S. are working to diversify the books in their classroom libraries, according to Harvard University and Collaborative Classrooms."It’s been more than 50 years since literacy experts first stressed the need for more diverse books in the classroom, and yet reading lists look surprisingly the same as they did in 1970," an excerpt from Harvard Ed Magazine reads.Mother Tancy Campbell wasn't exposed to characters who were African American growing up."It wasn't until high school that I started seeing books that had people that looked like me and started getting into black authors like Toni Morrison and Maya Angelou," Campbell says.Third-grade Teacher Kyle Luciani noticed the disparity last year when he started looking through his own classroom library. He went to work last year adding to his library. "I noticed almost all characters are animals or white," Luciani said. "I have books about biographies, about Jackie Chan, about Oprah Winfrey. Books on civil rights leaders ... Books such as don’t touch my hair, books on awareness of cultures."He said after George Floyd died, he added 0 worth of books on diversity and culture to his classroom.Last year, Luciani said he saw the electric change in his students."They love them! I mean I don’t think they’re always aware, 'Oh, it's someone of color,' but it's cool seeing them drawn to them automatically," Luciani said.In a 2015 Collaborative Classroom Diversity Review Book Project, 59% of books in more than 200,000 classrooms across the country had white characters and about 90% of authors were white. A team member of the project said this makes children of other ethnicities feel invisible or insignificant.Licensed psychologist Dr. Michelle Carcel is Latina and trained to teach diversity and inclusion courses. "I certainly take this to heart. It is so important to identify with others who are like you and you can see similarities and so you can also see diversity as a welcoming thing," said Carcel.Campbell believes diverse books will shape the future."I think it gives them confidence that they're the center of the story, I think that it shows them a hero can look like them," said Campbell. "I think it gives them stories of their background, that they might not have known before of their history and their culture that they didn't learn from their parents or grandparents."She has a diverse home library for her 9- and 5-year-old children. She said the latest book they read is about a girl in Africa who has to walk a long way to find water, bring it home, and boil it before she can take a sip. She said her daughter was touched by the book and filled with gratitude we have access to clean drinking water.Carcel said diverse books like this can break down systemic racism and heal generational trauma. 2829

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - Thanksgiving with the Salvation Army will be different in 2020 because of the coronavirus pandemic."We knew that we were going to do something," says Captain Sean Kelsley, who oversees the Salvation Army East County Operations. "The question was, what would it look like?"For the past 30 years, the Salvation Army held large, family-style gatherings to feed people experiencing homelessness, the disabled, and families in need at Golden Hall for Thanksgiving. They plan for 1,800 people, plus volunteers.But a gathering of 2,000+ people is strictly forbidden under California and San Diego County COVID-19 guidelines.In its place, the Salvation Army will offer "grab-and-go" style meals at four locations around the county."We're just glad to be able to be here," says Captain Kelsey. "However people celebrate the holidays, they'll at least be able to get some turkey and some gravy and all that good stuff."People will also receive an additional bag of fruit and snacks with their meals.In addition to providing food, Captain Kelsey says it's a way to connect with people and help them through whatever hardships they face."It allows us to encourage people and find out about a situation that is so dire, that maybe we can wrap around that individual that family, get them plugged in, and get them connected so they can get back on their feet," he says.Service for the meals will start at 11 am at the following locations:Oceanside Corps: 3935 Lake Blvd, Oceanside, CA 92056Centre City Corps: 825 7th Avenue, San Diego, CA 92101Citadel Corps: 4170 Balboa Ave, San Diego, CA 92117El Cajon Red Shield Center: 1025 E. Main St, El Cajon, CA 92021 1671

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - Surveillance video captured a group of thieves in action, targeting mail in Paradise Hills.After 11 p.m. Sunday on Grove View Road, the videos show a woman stroll by, a man and another woman following close behind.The group splits up. The two women are seen on one side of the road, glancing around.On the other side is the backpack-toting man, who appears to peer inside a mailbox.Soon after, a car pulls into Amanda Sewell's house.The women walk by and watch Sewell's aunt walk into the home, before possibly signaling the man.The man then walks up to Sewell's mailbox, grabs a bundle of mail and walks away. 642

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- Taco Tuesday is a serious ritual, especially in San Diego.  This week, you're getting another reason to eat Mexican food (not that you needed an excuse). Thursday, April 5 is National Burrito Day! On Tuesday we asked 10News?Instagram followers where to find some of the best burritos in the county. If you came here looking for food chains offering deals, scroll down! Here are the best burritos, according to our Instagram followers:  483