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It was her second time lying numb in a hospital bed in North Bergen, New Jersey, with blood streaming down her legs and fear creeping into her heart.At that moment, Timoria McQueen Saba thought to herself, "there's no way in the world that I'm the only woman who had this happen," she said.In 2010, after giving birth vaginally to her oldest daughter, Gigi, one late afternoon in April, postpartum hemorrhage or excessive bleeding -- the leading cause of maternal death worldwide -- nearly killed her.Then, about a year later, she started bleeding profusely in the small bathroom of a frozen yogurt shop. The blood was from a miscarriage, which left her feeling helpless in that hospital bed. She didn't know she was pregnant."I was all the way back to where I was the year before, and I realized ... I hadn't healed from the near-fatal traumatic experience the year before," said Saba, now the 39-year-old mother of two girls.The former celebrity makeup artist, who saw clients such as novelists Candace Bushnell and Kyra Davis, decided to become a maternal health advocate, speaking on behalf of the 830 women who die from pregnancy- or childbirth-related complications every day around the world. That's about 303,000 a year.Each year in the United States, about 700 to 1,200 women die from pregnancy or childbirth complications, and black women like Saba are about three to four times more likely to die of pregnancy or delivery complications than white women.The quick-witted, savvy Saba said the data shocked her."It really took me a while to digest it," she said -- she survived something that many others around the world haven't."What was different about me? Why didn't I die? What were the reasons for that?" she asked. "I felt like I have a duty to tell this story, to represent my race in a way that not many people can, because I lived through it."  1875

INDIANAPOLIS -- 14 offenders at the Indiana Women's Prison are now enrolled in a year-long program that will teach them how to create web applications.The non-profit "Last Mile" is offering the software engineering training. Governor Eric Holcomb joined members of the first class on Thursday, along with Last Mile board members, including rapper and entrepreneur MC Hammer, to kick off the program."I've been in and out of DOC a few times in my life in the past, so I know firsthand about some of the stumbling blocks that exist. Therefore, when I heard about this program, it just really inspired me to apply, because I want to be a success," said Stacy Jennings, a Last Mile participant.Fifty women applied for the program but only 14 were selected.The idea is to arm the women with the skills needed to knock down barriers and land a job once their time behind bars is done.Business and community partners will offer internships."What I hope to get is a new beginning. The opportunity to be able to support myself, be financially stable and also help others to know it's never too late to keep moving forward," Jennings said. Introduction on coding in the Indiana Women's Prison starts on Monday. The women will be in class about 30 hours per week.Indiana is the second state in the nation to launch "Last Mile."  1365

It’s a question that was asked early and often following the passing of Aretha Franklin, "How do you honor a queen?"The answer was on display in Detroit Friday morning as more than 120 pink Cadillacs cruised down 7 Mile Road, escorting the hearse carrying the Queen of Soul to Greater Grace Temple.“I had to cut it off!” said Crisette Ellis, the first lady of Greater Grace Temple, noting that the number ballooned so fast she was amazed.The idea sprang out of a common sight at funerals for fallen soldiers, police officers and firefighters. Bishop Ellis wondered aloud, if a motorcade and police cruisers are used to honor a fallen hero what’s the equivalent for a woman who touched generations of people through her music and good deeds?Franklin’s hit song ‘Freeway of Love’ inspired the move to bring in pink Cadillacs. If you lived under a rock, or are too young to remember, the lyric read: “We goin’ ridin’ on the freeway of love, winds against our back. We goin’ ridin’ on the freeway of love, in my pink Cadillac.”“That has been an anthem for those of us that drive a pink Cadillac,” Ellis said. “Driving a pink Cadillac in our world says success. We get respect when we drive a pink Cadillac, so all I can imagine is that Ms. Franklin would look down and say, ‘That is how you show r-e-s-p-e-c-t to the Queen of Soul.”Nancy Pettaway broke into song while showing her Escalade to camera crews on Thursday, “we did that all the way here.”“Going back I think we’ll just turn the music off and reflect,” she said. “It helps you reflect on your own life and what kind of legacy you will leave for other people.”Pettaway drove from Killeen, Texas to Detroit. The trip took 19 hours, and according to organizers, she wasn’t the one making the furthest trip.“A long trip, but so worth it,” said Pettaway.Perda Harris flew from California to meet her daughter, and her pink Cadillac, in Chicago. “Her music just made the house happy,” Harris said.“We just sang out loud,” added her daughter, Caterina Harris Earl. “We danced. We sang. It was associated with every single family gathering that I remember throughout my childhood.”Harris Earl has been driving a pink Cadillac for more than 20 years — she said the music of Aretha Franklin was always part of her life, now the music brings back floods of happy memories. She said she’s always known that Franklin had an impact on her community, but since her passing she’s been able to learn even more about how she worked along Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and supported the Civil Rights movement.”That makes a big difference for all people,” Earl Harris said. “For all women. As an African American woman, it absolutely impacted me.”That impact is why so many reached out to honor Franklin with a 100+ pink Cadillac envoy. Those who showed up to witness the celebration of life on Friday flocked to the street when the pink Cadillacs arrived, some folks who had waited for hours in line risked their place in line to rush over to snag pictures of the line.Nancy Pettaway summed it up well describing why Franklin’s celebration meant to much: “She moved you. Her music made you better, it made me better.” 3170

In recent days, several coronavirus outbreaks among teams and athletes have demonstrated the enormous challenge ahead for sports leagues attempting to return to action.While non-contact individual sports like NASCAR and golf have been able to resume, many other sports are struggling to formalize plans to return to play. Other than the NFL, which is in its offseason, only one of the five other major sports leagues have a firm return date.Professional soccer’s MLS is slated to resume on July 8 with a tournament being played in Orlando. For professional baseball, hockey and basketball, a resumption of play is still up in the air. The NBA said it plans to resume play in Orlando at some point later in the summer. The NHL is determining two host cities to conduct an expanded postseason. MLB said late Monday that it will require players to accept health and safety protocols before resuming play.But the road to resuming play could contain land mines. Here are a few examples:- The Orlando Pride women’s soccer team, which recently resumed training camp, announced it will not participate in an upcoming tournament after six players tested positive for the coronavirus.- The Basketball Tournament, which is a summer basketball tournament featuring former college and international stars, announced Monday one of its teams withdrew from next month’s next competition after a player tested positive for the virus.- Tennis stars Grigor Dimitrov and Borna Coric both tested positive for the coronavirus after participating in a charity tennis tournament organized by Novak Djokovic. The Adria Tour canceled its final match in Croatia on Sunday after Dimitrov’s diagnosis. Djokovic and the tournament as a whole have come under fire for flouting social distancing norms.- A number of college football teams have reported outbreaks. Clemson had 23 players test positive, and Kansas State said it had 13 positive tests for the virus. College football teams began allowing voluntary workouts on campus earlier this month.Last week, Dr. Anthony Fauci placed skepticism on whether the NFL season would even be played."Unless players are essentially in a bubble -- insulated from the community and they are tested nearly every day -- it would be very hard to see how football is able to be played this fall," Dr. Fauci told CNN. "If there is a second wave, which is certainly a possibility and which would be complicated by the predictable flu season, football may not happen this year."Leagues such as the NFL have said they are putting together plans which are heavily reliant on frequent testing of players and staff. Plans also rely on limiting the number of people who interact with team personnel at games and practices.But relying on frequent testing in lieu of social distancing also has its drawbacks, which include a large number of false negatives. 2861

It may not be as oft-quoted as the First Amendment or as contested as the Second Amendment, but the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution plays a critical role in supporting some of our closest-held notions of American freedom and equality.For one, it clearly states that American citizenship is a birthright for all people who are born on American soil -- something that President Donald Trump has announced he wants to end. Not only would this unravel 150 years of American law, it would loosen a significant cornerstone of the Constitution's interpretation of American identity.In order to better understand this part of the 14th Amendment, we asked two experts in constitutional and immigration law to walk us through the first section. The amendment has five sections, but we will only be dealing with the first, which contains the Citizenship Clause and three other related clauses.But first, some historyThe 14th Amendment is known as a Reconstruction amendment, because it was added to the Constitution after the Civil War in 1868. That places it at an important historical crossroads, when lingering wounds of divisiveness and animosity still plagued the nation and the reality of a post-slavery America begged contentious racial and social questions."Thomas Jefferson said men were created equal, but the original Constitution betrayed that promise by allowing for slavery," says Jeffrey Rosen. "The 13th, 14th and 15th amendments were designed to enshrine Lincoln's promise of a new America."However, as so often is the case, this reaffirmed American ideal fell short of reality. Rosen notes that issues of civil rights and equal treatment continued to be denied to African Americans, LGBT people and other citizens for more than a century after the amendment's ratification.And Erika Lee points out that Native Americans weren't even allowed to become citizens until 1925."Even as [these amendments] were written, obviously there were major built-in inequalities and maybe at the time weren't intended to apply to everyone," Lee says.Why was citizenship by birthright such an important concept?"Citizenship was a central question left open by the original Constitution," says Rosen. "At the time it was written, the Constitution assumed citizenship, but it didn't provide any rules for it. In the infamous Dred Scott decision, the Chief Justice said African Americans can't be citizens of the US and 'had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.'"The US Supreme Court's ruling in the Dred Scott case, named for a slave who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom, has since been widely condemned.READ MORE: Scott v. Sandford"The 14th Amendment was designed to overturn this decision and define citizenship once and for all, and it was based on birthright," Rosen says. "It is really important that it's a vision of citizenship based on land rather than blood. It is an idea that anyone can be an American if they commit themselves to our Constitutional values."What does it mean to be "subject to the jurisdiction thereof?"According to Rosen, this is one of the greatest questions of citizenship. There are two clear examples of people not subject to the jurisdictions of the United States: diplomats and their children, and -- at the time of the 14th Amendment -- Native Americans, who were not recognized as part of the American populace."With those two exceptions, everyone who was physically present in the United States was thought to be under its jurisdiction," Rosen says. "There are numerous Supreme Court cases that reaffirm that understanding, and almost as importantly, there are lots of congressional statutes that assume birthright citizenship."Some scholars, like John Eastman of the Claremont Institute's Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence, have argued that children of illegal immigrants are not "subject to the jurisdiction" of the US and thus should not be considered citizens under the Constitution.But Rosen says this is a minority view among constitutional scholars of all political backgrounds."While the Supreme Court has not explicitly ruled [on the instance of children of illegal immigrants], Congress has passed all kinds of laws presuming their citizenship," Rosen says.What is the connection between birthright citizenship and immigration?In 1898, 30 years after the 14th Amendment was adopted, the Supreme Court reached a defining decision in a case known as the United States v. Wong Kim Ark. Lee explains that Wong Kim Ark was the American-born son of Chinese immigrants."Asian immigrants were the first immigrants to the US that couldn't be considered white," Lee says. "So they are treated differently. They are taxed differently, they are stripped of many rights. In the 1880s, they are excluded from immigration and barred from citizenship."READ MORE: The United States v. Wong Kim ArkSo, the main question of the case was, could a person born in America be a citizen in a place where his parents could not be as well? The Supreme Court decided yes, and the case remains the first defining legal decision made under the banner of birthright citizenship."[The Supreme Court's decision] said that the right of citizenship is not a matter of inheritance, that it never descends from generation to generation, it is related to where you're born," Lee says. "It's about the power of place. That has been a very expansive, and at the time, a corrective measure to a more exclusionary definition both legally as well as culturally as to what an American is."Why must it be stated that the privileges of citizenship need to be protected?Before the Civil War, states didn't necessarily have to follow the provisions stated in the Bill of Rights; only Congress had to. The 14th Amendment changed that."This second sentence of the Amendment means that states have to respect the Bill of Rights as well as basic civil rights and the rights that come along with citizenship," Rosen says. "The idea was that there were rights that were so basic; so integral to citizenship that they could not be narrowed by the states."Despite the promises and protections of citizenship, Lee says it is abundantly clear that different racial groups were, and often are, seen as unable or unworthy to function as true American citizens. After all, basic rights of citizenship, like suffrage and equal treatment, were denied certain racial groups for a hundred years after the 14th Amendment."The idea of a law applying to 'all people' seems to be clear. But in reality, the debate and the laws and practices that get established are very much based on a hierarchy of, well sure, all persons, but some are more fit and some are more deserving than others," she says.Throughout history, Asian immigrants, Mexican immigrants, Muslim immigrants and their children, to name a few, have had unspoken cultural caveats applied to their ability to be Americans."For Asian immigrants, the racial argument at the time was that 'It didn't matter whether one were born in the US or not, Asians as a race, are unassimilable. They are diametrically opposite from us Americans,'" Lee says."That was the argument that was used to intern Japanese citizens. It was the denial of citizenship in favor of race: 'The ability to become American, the ability to assimilate, they just didn't have it.'"Why was it important to legalize rights for non-citizens?So far, we've covered the first clause, the Citizenship Clause, and the second, the Privileges and Immunities Clause. These both deal with American citizens.The final two clauses, the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection clause, are a little different, and deal with the rights of all people in the United States.Eagle-eyed Constitution readers will notice that the 14th Amendment contains a "due process" clause very similar to the Fifth Amendment. This, says Rosen, was a technical addition to ensure the Fifth Amendment wasn't theoretically narrowed down to protect only American citizens."The 14th Amendment distinguishes between the privileges of citizenship and the privileges of all people," Rosen says. "The framers [of the amendment] thought there were certain rights that were so important that they should be extended to all persons, and in order to specify that they needed a new 'due process' clause."What does it mean to have 'equal protection of the laws'?"At the time following the Civil War, at its core, it meant all persons had the right to be protected by the police, that the laws of the country should protect all people," Rosen says. "In the 20th century, more broader questions were litigated under the 14th Amendment, like Brown v. Board of Education -- whether segregation was constitutional. Cases involving the internment of Japanese citizens, case from the marriage equality decisions, even Roe vs. Wade have strains of equal protection language and invoke due process law."READ MORE: Brown v. Board of EducationAnother interesting case that speaks directly to the immigration side of the 14th Amendment debate is the 1982 case of Plyler v. Doe, in which the Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for the state of Texas to deny funding for undocumented immigrant children.READ MORE: Plyler v. DoeWhy are we talking about all this right now?This week,?Trump vowed to end the right to citizenship for the children of non-citizens and unauthorized immigrants born on US soil.But his interest in repealing birthright citizenship isn't a new idea. Lee says for the last 30 years or so, there have been several overtures by the political right to explore "citizenship reform," a timeline that she says aligns with the ascendancy of modern American conservatism.Lee fears if the current push to end birthright citizenship is successful, it could have wider implications than most people assume. People from other countries who are here legally on work or student visas, for instance, could have children who do not legally belong to the only country they know."There have been attempts since the 1990s to break away birthright citizenship, or narrow it down, and it did not seem that they would have a chance at succeeding until now," she says."To me this not only reflects the ascendancy of an extreme right position but also a return to a very narrow and exclusionary definition of Americanness." 10356

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