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Their youthful brains were developing normally, with no signs of developmental, psychological or neurological problems. None had ever had a concussion. But by the end of a single football season, 24 children between the ages of 9 and 18 who had more frequent impacts to the head showed signs of damage to brain development, new research says."Repetitive head impact exposure may have a cumulative effect in the rapidly developing brains of youth and high school football players," said study co-author Gowtham Krishnan Murugesan, a radiology research assistant at UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, adding that the results mirror other recent findings.The study outfitted 60 youth and high school football players who had no history of head trauma or developmental issues with a head impact telemetry system that measures the magnitude, location and direction of impacts to the head. The researchers were not looking at whether the impact resulted in a concussion, only that impact occurred.The children were sorted into two categories: high cumulative head impact players (24) and low cumulative head impact players (36).Before beginning to play, each child had a resting state functional scan, known as an fMRI; the scans were repeated at the end of football season. The researchers were trying to see how exposure to repetitive hits affects the normal "pruning" process in the brain that occurs during adolescence."Pruning is an essential part of brain development," Murugesan said, comparing the process to how a tree needs to have dead or unneeded branches cut to keep it healthy and allow it to grow."Disruption in normal pruning has been shown to be related to weaker connections between different parts of the brain," he said.After comparing the functional MRI results to the player's level of impact, the researchers found that youth in the high-impact group had damage to their brains' pruning process after one season."Our study has found a significant decrease in gray matter pruning in the frontal default mode network, which is involved in higher cognitive functions, such as the planning and controlling of social behaviors, " Murugesan said.Although the "teenage years are a critical time for brain development, brain remodeling or synaptic pruning, this was a short-term study and did not follow the players longitudinally over several years. We don't really know the full application," said Dr. Julian Bailes, director of neurosurgery and co-director of the NorthShore University HealthSystem Neurological Institute, who was not involved in the research.Weill Cornell neurologist Dr. Richard Isaacson, who was also not involved in the study, called the research "early" and said the results don't necessarily "translate to a clinical or cognitive outcome." More research is needed to see whether the decline in brain pruning permanently affected the child's cognitive function or whether the brain's natural plasticity allowed it to repair itself."I would call this a pilot study," Isaacson said. "The call to action would be that we need more robust longitudinal studies with a pre- and a post-assessment of more than brain imaging. The study should also measure cognitive and neurological function and look for changes."As we learn more about the issue, Isaacson said, parents should do everything they can to limit contact in sports, "especially in practice before games, where studies show the majority of contact occurs." 3464

Three years ago, Megan Yaeger bought her first professional camera.“It was like my first love. Ya know, when you pick it up and an angel chorus sings in the background,” Yaeger said.However, it wasn’t a purchase she had been planning for. She had been saving money to go to Disneyland and was forced to cancel due to all of the smoke from fires back in 2017. Yaeger says her lungs can’t handle smoke.“Remember kind of like back in school when they’d force you to run and you’d be really really out of shape? And you’d just be sitting there, kind of feeling like you’re dying? That’s what it feels like but you’re sitting there with the smoke and you can almost feel the particles going into your lungs and you just can’t get full expansion of your lungs and it’s the worst feeling," Yaeger said. She says her lungs are very weak because she lives with a connective tissue disease.“So like your whole body is made of connective tissue – your vascular system, your heart, your lungs, your joints, your eyes – and my body kind of chooses to attack all of it,” Yaeger said.Yaeger lives in a rural town in Utah. But with all the wildfires burning in the western U.S., she’s concerned about the smoke in the air.“Even like campfire smoke I can’t be around, so I can’t imagine people with my condition who are living like right next to the fires,” Yaeger said.It’s not just people with chronic conditions who can be impacted by prolonged exposure to wildfire smoke, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the CDC, people who currently have or who are recovering from COVID-19 may be at an increased risk of health effects from exposure to wildfire smoke due to compromised heart and-or lung function related to the disease.“We know air pollution exposure causes inflammation and cellular damage in our lungs, we know that air pollution just wreaks havoc on our lungs, and so all of this hints at wildfire smoke also doing the same,” said Erin Landguth, an associate professor with the Center for Population and Health Research at the University of Montana.She was the lead author in a study that looked at the delayed effect of small particles from wildfire smoke that gets into your lungs and irritates it. Her team wanted to understand how it may impact the following flu season in Montana.“We basically show that across these 10 years of data, after a bad fire season, one would expect to see three to five times worse flu seasons,” Landguth said.Landguth says this leads researchers to believe wildfire smoke could make people more susceptible to contracting the flu, but she says more in-depth studies need to be done to confirm that. COVID-19 is different from influenza, but considering COVID impacts the lungs, Landguth says there’s cause for concern as wildfires rage in several states.“The hypothesis that air pollution can act both as a carrier of the infection of COVID-19 and as a factor that can worsen the health impact of the COVID-19 disease has been a hot research topic,” Landguth said.Landguth emphasizes correlation doesn’t necessarily mean causation -- meaning higher flu numbers the same years as large wildfires doesn’t mean the wildfires cause worse flu seasons. However, she says they’re actively trying to learn more by expanding the study to other states. In the meantime, Landguth says vulnerable and sensitive groups should keep an eye on air quality alerts and stay inside with a proper air filter. Yaeger is doing exactly that.“Staying inside, and if I’m feeling really wheezy, doing a lot of breathing treatments and just listening to my body,” Yaeger said.No matter what comes her way, Yaeger says she chooses to remain optimistic.“When you’re faced with death so many times, you either have the choice to just be miserable, or find joy even in the smallest moments. It’s kind of almost a survival mechanism I think, optimism," she said. 3887

TIJUANA, Mexico (AP) — Migrants in a caravan of Central Americans scrambled Wednesday to reach the U.S. border, arriving by the hundreds in Tijuana, while U.S. authorities across the border were readying razor wire security barriers.Mexican officials in Tijuana were struggling to deal with a group of 357 migrants who arrived aboard nine buses Tuesday and another group of 398 that arrived Wednesday."Mexico has been excellent; we have no complaint about Mexico. The United States remains to be seen," said Josue Vargas, a migrant from Honduras who finally pulled into Tijuana Wednesday after more than a month on the road.U.S. Defense Secretary Jim Mattis, meanwhile, went to visit U.S. troops posted to the border in south Texas and said the deployment provides good training for war. President Donald Trump has said the caravan of migrants amounts to an "invasion."RELATED: Video shows people climbing on top of fence at Border Field State ParkThat didn't deter arriving groups of Central Americans from going to a stretch of border fence in Tijuana to celebrate.On Tuesday, a couple of dozen migrants scaled the steel border fence to celebrate their arrival, chanting "Yes, we could!" and one man dropped over to the U.S. side briefly as border agents watched from a distance. He ran quickly back to the fence.Tijuana's head of migrant services, Cesar Palencia Chavez, said authorities offered to take the migrants to shelters immediately, but they initially refused."They wanted to stay together in a single shelter," Palencia Chavez said, "but at this time that's not possible" because shelters are designed for smaller groups and generally offer separate facilities for men, women and families.But he said that after their visit to the border, most were taken to shelters in groups of 30 or 40.With a total of three caravans moving through Mexico including 7,000 to 10,000 migrants in all, questions arose as to how Tijuana would deal with such a huge influx, especially given U.S. moves to tighten border security and make it harder to claim asylum.On Wednesday, buses and trucks carried some migrants into the state of Sinaloa along the Gulf of California and further northward into the border state of Sonora.The bulk of the main caravan appeared to be about 1,100 miles (1,800 kilometers) from the border, but was moving hundreds of miles per day.The Rev. Miguel Angel Soto, director of the Casa de Migrante — House of the Migrant — in the Sinaloa capital of Culiacan, said about 2,000 migrants had arrived in that area. He said the state government, the Roman Catholic Church and city officials in Escuinapa, Sinaloa, were helping the migrants.The priest also said the church had been able to get "good people" to provide buses for moving migrants northward. He said so far 24 buses had left Escuinapa on an eight-drive to Navojoa in Sonora state. Small groups were reported in the northern cities of Saltillo and Monterrey, in the region near Texas.From Sonora, some migrants said they had already caught buses from to Tijuana.About 1,300 migrants in a second caravan were resting at a stadium in Mexico City, where the first group had stayed last week. By early Wednesday, another 1,100 migrants from the third and last caravan had also arrived at the stadium.Like most of those in the third caravan, migrant Javier Pineda is from El Salvador, and hopes to reach the United States. Referring to the first caravan nearing the end of the journey, Pineda said "if they could do it, there is no reason why we can't."It is unclear whether the two caravans would merge or when they would set out on the road north.Many say they are fleeing poverty, gang violence and political instability in the Central American countries of Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua.Mexico has offered refuge, asylum or work visas, and its government said Monday that 2,697 temporary visas had been issued to individuals and families to cover them during the 45-day application process for more permanent status. Some 533 migrants had requested a voluntary return to their countries, the government reported.The U.S. government said it was starting work Tuesday to "harden" the border crossing from Tijuana ahead of the caravans.Customs and Border Protection announced it was closing four lanes at the busy San Ysidro and Otay Mesa ports of entry in San Diego, California, so it could install infrastructure.That still leaves a substantial path for the tens of thousands of people who cross daily: Twenty-three lanes remain open at San Ysidro and 12 at Otay Mesa.San Ysidro is the border's busiest crossing, with about 110,000 people entering the U.S. every day. That traffic includes some 40,000 vehicles, 34,000 pedestrians and 150 to 200 buses.___Maria Verza contributed from Escuinapa, Mexico. 4804

There are 7 billion people in the world. And a full 22% of them -- 1.6 billion -- are fasting from sunup to sundown. Every day. For an entire month.It's Ramadan, the holiest month of the Muslim calendar. But what if you're not a Muslim -- just a caring, considerate person. Is there anything you should do so you don't come across as insensitive to your fasting friends?Short answer: No. Long answer: No.But you can earn some cool points if you follow these 10 tips. 474

Thursday marks National Coming Out Day — an LGBTQ holiday that encourages young queer people to be comfortable with their sexuality and live an open lifestyle.2018 marks the 30th anniversary of the first National Coming Out Day, first celebrated in 1988. According to the Human Rights Campaign, the day was started by gay activists Robert Eichberg and Jean O'Leary. Recognized by all 50 states, the day is celebrated each year on the anniversary of the Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights, which took place on Oct. 11, 1987.As a psychologist, Eichberg wrote extensively on the act of "coming out" to friends, family and coworkers. in 1978, he established "The Experience," a community workshop in Los Angeles that encouraged young  LGBTQ people to live an openly gay lifestyle among friends and family.According to Eichberg, when LGBTQ people lived an open lifestyle it made their friends and family more likely to be accepting of queer lifestyles. It also encourages other gay people to live openly and helps develop a support network for those who may be struggling with their sexual identities.The Human Rights Campaign has published a resource guide to coming out, which you can read below. For more information on the Human Rights Campaign and National Coming Out Day, visit the HRC's website.Alex Hider is a writer for the E.W. Scripps National Desk. Follow him on Twitter @alexhider.  1471