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WASHINGTON, Nov. 7 (Xinhua) -- U.S. researchers have demonstrated for the first time that the brain is a key player in regulating glucose (sugar) metabolism in humans.The findings, published Monday in the online edition of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, suggest that drugs targeting the brain and central nervous system could be a novel approach to treating diabetes."The brain is the body's only organ that needs a constant supply of glucose to survive, so it makes sense that it would have some say over how much glucose is produced," said study leader Meredith Hawkins, professor of medicine and director of the Global Diabetes Initiative at Yeshiva University, in a statement. "This role for the brain was demonstrated in earlier studies in rodents, but there was considerable controversy over whether the results could be applied to humans. We hope this study helps to settle the matter."In an earlier study in rodents, researchers showed that activation of potassium channels in the brain's hypothalamus sends signals to the liver that dampen its production of glucose. Those findings, published in Nature in 2005, challenged the conventional thinking that blood sugar production by the liver (the body's glucose factory) is regulated only by the pancreas (which makes insulin to metabolize glucose). But carefully performed studies on dogs, conducted at Vanderbilt University, failed to replicate the results, suggesting the Einstein findings in rodents might not be relevant to higher mammals, including humans.The current study, involving people, was aimed at resolving this controversy. Ten nondiabetic subjects were given oral diazoxide, a drug that activates potassium channels in the hypothalamus. (The drug is not used to treat diabetes.) Hormone secretion by the pancreas was controlled to ensure that any change in sugar production would only have occurred through the drug's effect on the brain. After the researchers administered the drug, blood tests revealed that patients' livers were producing significantly less glucose than before.Hawkins and her team then repeated this in rats, again giving diazoxide orally, achieving similar results. They confirmed that sufficient amounts of diazoxide crossed the blood-brain barrier to affect potassium channels in the hypothalamus. Additional experiments confirmed that diazoxide was working through the brain. Specifically, the researchers were able to completely block the effects of diazoxide by infusing a specific potassium channel blocker directly into the brain."This study confirms that the brain plays a significant role in regulating glucose production by the liver," said lead author Preeti Kishore, assistant professor of medicine. "We are now investigating whether this 'brain-to-liver' pathway is impaired in people with diabetes. If so, we may be able to restore normal glucose regulation by targeting potassium channels in the brain."

WASHINGTON, Nov. 10 (Xinhua) -- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has sent warning letters to more than 1,200 retailers, the majority of which respond to violations relating to selling tobacco to minors, as part of its ongoing effort to reduce tobacco use among children, the agency announced Thursday in a statement.The FDA said that while most retail establishments have been found to be in compliance with the law, some retailers are still selling cigarettes and smokeless tobacco to minors. Warning letters may be followed by civil money penalties if retailers continue to violate the law."It should worry every parent that 20 percent of U.S. high school students smoke cigarettes," said FDA Commissioner Margaret Hamburg in a statement. "President Obama and the FDA are committed to preventing children from smoking. For many young people, that first cigarette or use of smokeless tobacco will lead to a lifetime of addiction, and for many, serious disease. More than 80 percent of adult smokers begin smoking before 18 years of age. Retailers are vital partners in the FDA's efforts to prevent tobacco use among kids."Obama signed the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act that gives the FDA authority to regulate tobacco products to prevent use by minors and reduce the impact on public health. One of the law's provisions permits the FDA to contract with states and territories to conduct compliance check inspections of tobacco retailers. In 2011, the FDA awarded compliance contracts totaling more than 24 million U.S. dollars to 38 states.The FDA also began inspecting U.S. tobacco product manufacturers in October 2011. This is the first time tobacco product manufacturing facilities have ever been inspected by a federal public health agency.

ISLAMABAD, Oct. 15 (Xinhua) -- President Asif Ali Zardari said on Saturday that the government was committed to address the issues of special people including those afflicted with impaired vision and blindness and called for establishing highest standards for their care.In a message on the International White Cane Safety Day, the President asked the people and relevant government agencies to reflect on the problems of visually handicapped people.He asked them to come up with suggestions to achieve high standards in caring for the disabled as these exist in other civilized nations.The White Cane Safety Day was aimed at creating awareness about the problems and requirements of visually handicapped persons and to take practical steps to address these issues. Enditem

MINSK, Oct. 11 (Xinhua) -- Chinese telecommunications firm Huawei on Tuesday showcased its latest solutions in mobile broadband at an exhibition in Belarus.Focusing on the possibilities of expanding the capacity of mobile operators' networks, the solutions propose to use fourth-generation network standards and introduce elements of intelligent network resources.The exhibition also presented the latest generation of radios, transportation equipment, and terminal solutions."Mobile traffic is constantly increasing, but profit is not growing so fast - about 20 to 30 percent," Xu Zhidong, general director of Bel Huawei Technologies, said during the opening ceremony of the exhibition."We need to provide more services. In addition, the market should be presented by more terminal devices. The decisions, which are displayed at the exposition, will not only increase the volume of Internet traffic, but also increase average profit per subscriber," he added.Lu Guicheng, China's ambassador to Belarus, said Huawei has seen a very successful development, including in the Belarussian market.Huawei, China's largest telecommunications company, which began investing in Belarus in 2003, signed an agreement with the Eastern European nation last month to set up a network technology training center in Belarus for telecommunications technology research and training.It also agreed last month to help more than 300 Belarussian companies with their information technology construction over the next four years.

WASHINGTON, Oct. 19 (Xinhua) -- A total of 25 people have been killed in 12 U.S. states in a listeria outbreak traced to Colorado cantaloupes, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC) said Wednesday.The number of people sickened by the tainted cantaloupes has reached 123 in 26 states, with Pennsylvania reporting its first case. One of the ill patients, a pregnant woman, suffered a miscarriage, the CDC said in a telebriefing.The listeria outbreak has been the most deadly one since 1998, according to the CDC.Listeria is a common bacterium that typically causes mild illness in healthy people, but can cause severe illness in older people and those with compromised immune systems. It also can cause miscarriages and stillbirths in pregnant women and severe infections in new babies.The CDC estimates that about 48 million people in the U.S. each year get sick from tainted food, with about 128,000 hospitalized and 3,000 deaths.

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