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INDIANAPOLIS -- A Marion County, Indiana toddler is dead after suffering extensive head trauma from weeks of suspected abuse and his father’s girlfriend has been charged in connection with his death.Two-year-old Jose Cubas Rivas was rushed in for emergency surgery on October 28 after Dilcia Chavez Claros brought him into the hospital unconscious.According to court documents obtained from the Marion County Prosecutor, Claros, 30, told doctors that the child had fallen off a bunk bed and lost consciousness while playing with her two sons.The 2-year-old was rushed into emergency surgery for a fractured skull and bleeding on the brain. During the surgery, Doctors had to remove a portion of his skull to release some of the pressure on his brain. In addition to head trauma, they noted several unexplained bruises and smaller injuries covering Rivas’ body with no history of medical treatment to explain them. the injuries.Doctors called the Department of Child Services after concluding that the injuries to the child’s head were so severe that they could not have been accidental. Claros was arrested two days later in connection with his death.Rivas was pronounced dead on November 1 after doctors said his brain showed no signs of activity.While investigating the child’s death, investigators uncovered details surrounding suspected abuse dating back to early September.Those details are spelled out in a 17-page report filed by the Marion County Prosecutor's office on October 2. In them, a social worker told police that she had helped the family get housing, beds and insurance back in August.The social worker said she first noticed signs of abuse on the 2-year-old during a follow-up visit in September and had filed a child abuse report through DCS on September 20 - over a month before Rivas' death - but had never heard from the investigator assigned to the case.During that first follow-up visit, the social worker told police that Rivas had, “two dark black eyes, a large bump on the front of his forehead, a small bruise on the left side of his cheek.” The child also had a busted and swollen lip and the social worker said it looked like he had been punched in the mouth.When she asked Claros what happened, the social worker said Claros became, “noticeably nervous and began stumbling over her words.”Claros claimed Rivas’ injuries were all from when he fell outside while he was with his father. She admitted to the social worker that she beat her children, but had no feelings for the 2-year-old because she was not his mother.After several canceled follow-ups, the social worker visited the family again in mid-September. This time, she said the child had new injuries to his head which Claros again blamed on him falling off a table.Claros told the social worker that she had taken Rivas to the hospital on September 11 after police were called on her while she was shopping at Plato’s Closet.The report filed by the officer that day said a witness had called police after she saw a young boy with “two black eyes and swelling on the side of his face.” She also saw “bruises on both of his upper arms that looked like handprint marks as if someone had grabbed him roughly by his arm” and “marks on the front of his neck that looked like bruises from someone picking him up by his neck.” The officer noted that the mother told him the child had fallen from a table and that the doctors reported there was “low suspicion for non-accidental trauma.”The detective noted that it appeared no MRI, X-Ray or scan of any type was taken when the child was treated at the hospital.On October 28, Claros told detectives she had taken her three children to Goodwill and that Rivas had gotten sick inside the store. After taking him home, she said she had given him crackers and juice but he eventually went to play with his brothers.Claros said one of her sons came to her later while she was cooking dinner and said Rivas had fallen from a bunk bed and was not moving.She told detectives she tried to revive the child with mouth-to-mouth and when that didn’t work she put him in a cold shower. When that didn’t work either, Claros said she used rubbing alcohol under his nose but could still not get him to wake up.Claros said she called the child’s father who told her to take him to the hospital.She told detectives she waited 10 minutes and then changed the child’s clothes before driving him to the hospital.Claros was arrested and charged with neglect of a dependent resulting in death.  4538

In mid-July, California’s department of transportation, known as CalTrans, was supposed to break ground on a highway construction project that was expected to take 18 days.The work was to repair and repave 800 feet of the busy 101 Freeway that connects San Francisco to the mainland, but the work never started because the project wrapped up in April, months before it was originally expected to begin."In the Bay Area, it was one of our busier years,” said CalTrans spokesman Bart Ney.The only reason contractors were able to start and complete the project months ahead of schedule was because of COVID-19.“We had to reduce traffic in normal situations by 30%, which was going to be very difficult,” said Ney. "In this case, we already had about a 40% traffic reduction because of people staying home for COVID-19.”In Colorado, something similar happened as plans to add an express lane through the main mountain corridor were able to accelerate a month.“It was over a 50% drop in traffic,” said Colorado Department of Traffic spokeswoman Presley Fowler.In April, the Federal Highway Administration says Americans drove 40% fewer miles than they did during the same time in 2019. It allowed projects in Nevada, Arizona, Wisconsin, Texas, Virginia, and Florida to all start ahead of schedule as well.The reduction in traffic didn’t only speed up work timelines, it also increased safety for workers as they could work during daylight hours that typically would have been off limits because of rush hour traffic. It also allowed states to save taxpayers millions in worker payroll.“You would quantify that impact in numbers in the tens of millions of dollars,” said Ney of the Highway 101 project.But as some states sped up their projects, others had to apply the brakes to theirs. The reduction in traffic volume hurt states in the pocket when it comes to gas tax revenue. Starting in March, states started seeing their biggest loss in gas tax revenue in decades as some had to defer billions in repair projects, saying they were short billion in funding.To help, Congress has been working on a transportation bill since road work was left out of the CARES Act, but that still has not passed.As states have reopened their economies, traffic volume has resumed to around 80% of its pre-COVID-19 levels. That will help with gas tax revenue. But at the same time, it will take some projects out of the fast lane. 2421

It may not be as oft-quoted as the First Amendment or as contested as the Second Amendment, but the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution plays a critical role in supporting some of our closest-held notions of American freedom and equality.For one, it clearly states that American citizenship is a birthright for all people who are born on American soil -- something that President Donald Trump has announced he wants to end. Not only would this unravel 150 years of American law, it would loosen a significant cornerstone of the Constitution's interpretation of American identity.In order to better understand this part of the 14th Amendment, we asked two experts in constitutional and immigration law to walk us through the first section. The amendment has five sections, but we will only be dealing with the first, which contains the Citizenship Clause and three other related clauses.But first, some historyThe 14th Amendment is known as a Reconstruction amendment, because it was added to the Constitution after the Civil War in 1868. That places it at an important historical crossroads, when lingering wounds of divisiveness and animosity still plagued the nation and the reality of a post-slavery America begged contentious racial and social questions."Thomas Jefferson said men were created equal, but the original Constitution betrayed that promise by allowing for slavery," says Jeffrey Rosen. "The 13th, 14th and 15th amendments were designed to enshrine Lincoln's promise of a new America."However, as so often is the case, this reaffirmed American ideal fell short of reality. Rosen notes that issues of civil rights and equal treatment continued to be denied to African Americans, LGBT people and other citizens for more than a century after the amendment's ratification.And Erika Lee points out that Native Americans weren't even allowed to become citizens until 1925."Even as [these amendments] were written, obviously there were major built-in inequalities and maybe at the time weren't intended to apply to everyone," Lee says.Why was citizenship by birthright such an important concept?"Citizenship was a central question left open by the original Constitution," says Rosen. "At the time it was written, the Constitution assumed citizenship, but it didn't provide any rules for it. In the infamous Dred Scott decision, the Chief Justice said African Americans can't be citizens of the US and 'had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.'"The US Supreme Court's ruling in the Dred Scott case, named for a slave who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom, has since been widely condemned.READ MORE: Scott v. Sandford"The 14th Amendment was designed to overturn this decision and define citizenship once and for all, and it was based on birthright," Rosen says. "It is really important that it's a vision of citizenship based on land rather than blood. It is an idea that anyone can be an American if they commit themselves to our Constitutional values."What does it mean to be "subject to the jurisdiction thereof?"According to Rosen, this is one of the greatest questions of citizenship. There are two clear examples of people not subject to the jurisdictions of the United States: diplomats and their children, and -- at the time of the 14th Amendment -- Native Americans, who were not recognized as part of the American populace."With those two exceptions, everyone who was physically present in the United States was thought to be under its jurisdiction," Rosen says. "There are numerous Supreme Court cases that reaffirm that understanding, and almost as importantly, there are lots of congressional statutes that assume birthright citizenship."Some scholars, like John Eastman of the Claremont Institute's Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence, have argued that children of illegal immigrants are not "subject to the jurisdiction" of the US and thus should not be considered citizens under the Constitution.But Rosen says this is a minority view among constitutional scholars of all political backgrounds."While the Supreme Court has not explicitly ruled [on the instance of children of illegal immigrants], Congress has passed all kinds of laws presuming their citizenship," Rosen says.What is the connection between birthright citizenship and immigration?In 1898, 30 years after the 14th Amendment was adopted, the Supreme Court reached a defining decision in a case known as the United States v. Wong Kim Ark. Lee explains that Wong Kim Ark was the American-born son of Chinese immigrants."Asian immigrants were the first immigrants to the US that couldn't be considered white," Lee says. "So they are treated differently. They are taxed differently, they are stripped of many rights. In the 1880s, they are excluded from immigration and barred from citizenship."READ MORE: The United States v. Wong Kim ArkSo, the main question of the case was, could a person born in America be a citizen in a place where his parents could not be as well? The Supreme Court decided yes, and the case remains the first defining legal decision made under the banner of birthright citizenship."[The Supreme Court's decision] said that the right of citizenship is not a matter of inheritance, that it never descends from generation to generation, it is related to where you're born," Lee says. "It's about the power of place. That has been a very expansive, and at the time, a corrective measure to a more exclusionary definition both legally as well as culturally as to what an American is."Why must it be stated that the privileges of citizenship need to be protected?Before the Civil War, states didn't necessarily have to follow the provisions stated in the Bill of Rights; only Congress had to. The 14th Amendment changed that."This second sentence of the Amendment means that states have to respect the Bill of Rights as well as basic civil rights and the rights that come along with citizenship," Rosen says. "The idea was that there were rights that were so basic; so integral to citizenship that they could not be narrowed by the states."Despite the promises and protections of citizenship, Lee says it is abundantly clear that different racial groups were, and often are, seen as unable or unworthy to function as true American citizens. After all, basic rights of citizenship, like suffrage and equal treatment, were denied certain racial groups for a hundred years after the 14th Amendment."The idea of a law applying to 'all people' seems to be clear. But in reality, the debate and the laws and practices that get established are very much based on a hierarchy of, well sure, all persons, but some are more fit and some are more deserving than others," she says.Throughout history, Asian immigrants, Mexican immigrants, Muslim immigrants and their children, to name a few, have had unspoken cultural caveats applied to their ability to be Americans."For Asian immigrants, the racial argument at the time was that 'It didn't matter whether one were born in the US or not, Asians as a race, are unassimilable. They are diametrically opposite from us Americans,'" Lee says."That was the argument that was used to intern Japanese citizens. It was the denial of citizenship in favor of race: 'The ability to become American, the ability to assimilate, they just didn't have it.'"Why was it important to legalize rights for non-citizens?So far, we've covered the first clause, the Citizenship Clause, and the second, the Privileges and Immunities Clause. These both deal with American citizens.The final two clauses, the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection clause, are a little different, and deal with the rights of all people in the United States.Eagle-eyed Constitution readers will notice that the 14th Amendment contains a "due process" clause very similar to the Fifth Amendment. This, says Rosen, was a technical addition to ensure the Fifth Amendment wasn't theoretically narrowed down to protect only American citizens."The 14th Amendment distinguishes between the privileges of citizenship and the privileges of all people," Rosen says. "The framers [of the amendment] thought there were certain rights that were so important that they should be extended to all persons, and in order to specify that they needed a new 'due process' clause."What does it mean to have 'equal protection of the laws'?"At the time following the Civil War, at its core, it meant all persons had the right to be protected by the police, that the laws of the country should protect all people," Rosen says. "In the 20th century, more broader questions were litigated under the 14th Amendment, like Brown v. Board of Education -- whether segregation was constitutional. Cases involving the internment of Japanese citizens, case from the marriage equality decisions, even Roe vs. Wade have strains of equal protection language and invoke due process law."READ MORE: Brown v. Board of EducationAnother interesting case that speaks directly to the immigration side of the 14th Amendment debate is the 1982 case of Plyler v. Doe, in which the Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for the state of Texas to deny funding for undocumented immigrant children.READ MORE: Plyler v. DoeWhy are we talking about all this right now?This week,?Trump vowed to end the right to citizenship for the children of non-citizens and unauthorized immigrants born on US soil.But his interest in repealing birthright citizenship isn't a new idea. Lee says for the last 30 years or so, there have been several overtures by the political right to explore "citizenship reform," a timeline that she says aligns with the ascendancy of modern American conservatism.Lee fears if the current push to end birthright citizenship is successful, it could have wider implications than most people assume. People from other countries who are here legally on work or student visas, for instance, could have children who do not legally belong to the only country they know."There have been attempts since the 1990s to break away birthright citizenship, or narrow it down, and it did not seem that they would have a chance at succeeding until now," she says."To me this not only reflects the ascendancy of an extreme right position but also a return to a very narrow and exclusionary definition of Americanness." 10356

Isaias re-intensified into a Category 1 hurricane Monday evening shortly before approached the Carolina coast with top winds of 85 MPH, as of 9 p.m. ET.The National Hurricane Center said Isaias came ashore late Monday near Ocean Isle Beach, North Carolina, as a minimal hurricane. Top observed wind gusts were found in Oak Island, North Carolina, at 87 MPH. Hurricane warnings are in effect for parts of the Carolina coast around the North Carolina/South Carolina border.The National Hurricane Center said it expects Isaias to pack hurricane-force winds over a small area of the coast, but much of the East Coast should be preparing for tropical storm conditions.Tropical storm warnings extend from South Carolina all the way to Maine. Major cities, including Baltimore, Washington DC, New York and Boston will likely see tropical storm conditions on Tuesday.Given the storm’s path, the hurricane could place a huge burden on the nation’s electric grid. The Edison Electric Institute said that crews are being sent to the coast to help with the response.“Preparing for major events like Isaias requires significant coordination among the public and private sectors,” the organization said. “Strong industry-government coordination and cross-sector collaboration are critical. EEI is supporting the industry’s response at the highest levels through the Electricity Subsector Coordinating Council.” 1404

Ivanka Trump last year often used a personal email account to discuss or relay official White House business, according to emails released Monday by nonpartisan watchdog group.According to emails released by American Oversight, Trump used her personal account through much of 2017 to email Cabinet officials, White House aides and her assistants. The Presidential Records Act requires all official White House communications and records be preserved.The Washington Post was first to report on the emails. The White House had no comment on Ivanka Trump's email practices.Trump's usage of a private email account will bring comparisons to former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, whose usage of a private email server instead of a government email account during her time in office was a central part of President Donald Trump's campaign against her in 2016. Trump's supporters often chanted -- and still do, on occasion -- "Lock her up!" at the mention of Clinton, and President Trump has frequently accused Clinton of receiving special treatment because she was not charged for skirting the Presidential Records Act with her email practices.Peter Mirijanian, the spokesperson for Ivanka Trump's attorney and ethics counsel, said in a statement, "Like most people, before entering into government service, Ms. Trump used a private email. When she entered the government, she was given a government email account for official use. While transitioning into government, until the White House  provided her the same guidance they had to others who started before she did, Ms. Trump sometimes used her private account, almost always for logistics and scheduling concerning her family."Some advisers to President Donald Trump were alarmed when they heard this news, the Post reports, because of the similarities to Clinton's email use. Trump has called Clinton "Crooked Hillary" for using a personal email account when she was secretary of state.Mirijanian sought to draw a specific contrast between Ivanka Trump's personal email usage and Clinton's, by noting that she did not have the server set up in her home or office."To address misinformation being peddled about Ms. Trump's personal email, she did not create a private server in her house or office, there was never classified information transmitted,  the account was never transferred or housed at Trump Organization, no emails were ever deleted, and the emails have been retained in the official account in conformity with records preservation laws and rules," Mirijanian's statement continues.White House officials were first made aware of Ivanka Trump's email usage through American Oversight's lawsuit. 2679