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You can think of NASA's Discovery program as a sort of outer-space American Idol: every few years the agency invites scientists to propose unmanned planetary missions. The projects have to address some sort of fundamental science question, and (this is the tough part) they have to be relatively cheap to pull off — say, half a billion dollars or so. Then the proposals go through a grueling competition before judges who aren't as nasty as Simon Cowell but who are every bit as tough. The one left standing at the end gets the equivalent of a recording contract: NASA supplies the funding and the launch vehicle, and away the winner goes — to orbit Mercury, as the Messenger spacecraft is doing right now; or to rendezvous with a couple of asteroids, as the Dawn mission will start doing this July; or to smash into a comet on purpose, a feat achieved by Deep Impact in 2005, a mission not to be confused with the movie of the same name. Now it's time for the next contenders. NASA has just announced that the first round of the latest Discovery competition is over, with three entries out of 28 moving on to the finals. They are, in increasing distance from Earth: the Geophysical Monitoring Station (GEMS) lander, which would use seismometers to study the interior of Mars; the Comet Hopper, which would do just that, leaping from place to place across the surface of Comet 46P/Wirtanen to see how different parts of the tumbling body react to heating by the sun; and the Titan Mare Explorer (TiME), which would plop into a sea of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn's moon Titan — the first oceangoing vessel ever to set sail on another world. If you had to come up with a theme that ties all three missions together, it would be "origins." The Titan explorer, for example, will be studying a place that — in a crude way, at least — resembles the early planet Earth at a time when life arose here. Titan, with a thick atmosphere and a bizarro-world form of weather featuring toxic winds and hydrocarbon rain, is home to a mix of complex chemistry, complete with organic molecules. The oceans provide a medium in which the molecules can move around and interact with each other. It's even conceivable, though clearly a long shot, that some form of microscopic life already exists on this frigid moon. The Mars lander, by contrast, would visit a place where the seas — plain water in this case — vanished long ago. But the mission of GEMS goes far deeper than that. By analyzing Marsquakes on the Red Planet, GEMS will try to get a handle on what the interior of Mars is like. Scientists don't currently know whether the planet's core is liquid, like Earth's, or solid, or some mushy consistency in between. It all depends on how efficiently Mars has cooled since it formed 4.5 billion years ago, and that depends in turn on the planet's internal structure. "That's the mission," says Bruce Banerdt, of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the lead scientist for GEMS. "We want to understand how Mars was built." Along with sensitive seismographic equipment, GEMS will drill down about 20 ft. (6 m) with a thermometer-equipped probe, trying to figure out how quickly the temperature rises with depth. "That will let us extrapolate all the way down to the center," Banerdt says, "which will tell us how fast Mars is cooling."

NAIROBI, Feb. 23 (Xinhua) -- The East Africa Community (EAC) and the Chinese government held talks on Wednesday to explore new areas of cooperation and boost trade between both sides.A statement from the EAC Secretariat said China's Ministry of Commerce Director Department of West Asian and African Affairs Chai Zhijing held discussions with Secretary General of the East African Community Juma Mwapachu on bilateral cooperation. "The Chinese delegation were at the EAC Headquarters to explore areas of cooperation specifically trade and investment opportunities in areas such as agriculture, animal-husbandry, production and processing of mineral and other natural resources, manufacturing, commerce and logistics, and tourism," the statement said.It noted that the delegation wants to know how China could support and facilitate cross-border infrastructure projects such as transport, communication and power.The Chinese and EAC officials also discussed cooperation in human resource development and training.Speaking during the meeting, Mwapachu said the visit by the director will open further the cooperation space between China and the EAC.He said the prevalence of Chinese firms in the region was very high in the construction industry and some other infrastructural developments.He noted that Chinese companies were involved in the construction of the EAC Arusha-Namanga-Athi River Road projectThe EAC secretary general said the regional economic bloc, which comprises Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi, was truly looking forward to forging a lasting relationship with China.Chai said China has very good economic and cultural relations with all the five partner states of the East African Community and that all the five states were enjoying economic stability.He said EAC had a reputable framework for integration and development for the region, adding that "these form the solid basis for establishing cooperation with the People's Republic of China."The two sides agreed to come up with a concrete framework for engaging each other in the identified areas of cooperation, within one month.

WASHINGTON, April 5 (Xinhua) -- NASA and co-researchers from the United States, the Republic of Korea and Japan have found a new mineral named "Wassonite" in one of the most historically significant meteorites recovered in Antarctica in December 1969, the U.S. space agency said on Tuesday in a statement.The new mineral was discovered within the meteorite officially designated Yamato 691 enstatite chondrite. The meteorite likely may have originated from an asteroid orbiting between Mars and Jupiter. Wassonite is among the tiniest, yet most important, minerals identified in the 4.5-billion-year-old sample.The research team, headed by NASA space scientist Keiko Nakamura-Messenger, added the mineral to the list of 4,500 officially approved by the International Mineralogical Association."Wassonite is a mineral formed from only two elements, sulfur and titanium, yet it possesses a unique crystal structure that has not been previously observed in nature," said Nakamura-Messenger.In 1969, members of the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition discovered nine meteorites on the blue ice field of the Yamato Mountains in Antarctica. This was the first significant recovery of Antarctic meteorites and represented samples of several different types.As a result, the United States and Japan conducted systematic follow-up searches for meteorites in Antarctica that recovered more than 40,000 specimens, including extremely rare Martian and lunar meteorites.Researchers found Wassonite surrounded by additional unknown minerals that are being investigated. The mineral is less than one-hundredth the width of a human hair or 50x450 nanometers. It would have been impossible to discover without NASA's transmission electron microscope, which is capable of isolating the Wassonite grains and determining their chemical composition and atomic structure."More secrets of the universe can be revealed from these specimens using 21st century nano-technology," said Nakamura- Messenger.The new mineral's name was approved by the International Mineralogical Association. It honors John T. Wasson, professor at the University of California, Los Angeles. Wasson is known for his achievements across a broad swath of meteorite and impact research, including the use of neutron activation data to classify meteorites and to formulate models for the chemical makeup of bulk chondrites.

LOS ANGELES, March 18 (Xinhua) -- The moon will move closer to Earth than it has been in more than 18 years Saturday night, space. com reported on Friday.On Saturday afternoon at 3 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time (1900 MGT) , the "supermoon", as dubbed by some observers, will arrive at its closest point to the Earth in 2011: a distance of 221,565 miles ( 356,575 kilometers) away, and only 50 minutes earlier, the moon will officially be full, the report said.At its peak, the supermoon may appear 14 percent larger and 30 percent brighter than lesser full moons (when the moon is at its farthest from Earth), weather permitting, said the report.Yet to the casual observer, it may be hard to tell the difference, according to the report.Scientists say it is a fluke of orbital mechanics that brings the moon closer to Earth.The supermoon will not cause natural disasters, such as the Japan earthquake, NASA scientists say.In December 2008, there was a near-supermoon when the moon turned full four hours away from its perigee - the point in its orbit that is closest to Earth. But this month, the full moon and perigee are just under one hour apart, promising spectacular views, depending on local conditions, the report said.

BEIJING, May 4 (Xinhuanet) -- Children with autism have slightly bigger brains than children without the condition, a study suggests.The research published in the May issue of Archives of General Psychiatry noted the difference in the brain size appears related to increased rates of brain growth before age 2.The researchers from the University of North Carolina also pointed out that though the enlargement continues, the increased growth does not.In 2005, the researchers studied a group of 2-year-old children, and found out the ones with autism had brains that were 5% to 10% larger than children without it.Now the researchers assessed the same group of children at age 5, the psychiatrists re-scanned the brains of 38 children with autism and 21 without the condition. The autistic children still had slightly larger brains, but they had grown at the same rate as the comparison group.This finding could lead to a better understanding of the genes that drive autism, which, in turn, could lead to earlier identification and treatment of the disorder, said study researcher Joseph Piven, MD, according to media report.

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