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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — The back-to-back announcements of promising clinical trial results from Pfizer and Moderna may usher in a new era for vaccine technology.Both companies have candidates that rely on a new kind of vaccine strategy: RNA. Preliminary data show both candidates are more than 90 percent effective.On the surface, the vaccine candidates look like any other you’ve taken. They work by training your body to build up defensive weapons against a virus, like antibodies and T-cells.But instead of training your body by introducing a killed virus or a fragment of a virus, the vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer introduce a set of instructions called messenger RNA enclosed in a little blob of fat.“The key concept of RNA is that they’re messages, and they’re meant as short-term messages,” said Dr. Shane Crotty of the La Jolla Institute for Immunology.Crotty said there are 5,000 to 10,000 messages within a cell at any given time.Once administered, the mRNA in the vaccine instructs some of your cells to make the coronavirus’ signature spike protein. The spike protein on the surface of the coronavirus allows it to infiltrate and hijack cells.Even though the spike protein is just one of about 25 genes the virus has, preliminary results from the clinical trials suggest it is enough material to train the immune system without making the recipient sick.Crotty likened the process of training the immune system to spotting a sedan. If the coronavirus is a car, the spike protein might be the door.“There's no way that car door could turn into a whole car, but it's enough of a piece of a car for your immune system to recognize that car if it saw it again,” he said.Scientists started by sequencing the virus’ DNA from a sick patient, then encoding that genetic sequence into an mRNA instruction molecule that can be read by the manufacturing part of cells.From there, Dr. Crotty said it’s a bit like the messenger app Snapchat.The mRNA gets injected into the body, sending temporary instructions to your cells that last for a while, then disappear. mRNA does not genetically modify cells, he stressed.“They’re around as messages for some period of time and then they go away, and the cells get back to their normal job of reading their own messages instead of reading the messages you’re injecting in the vaccine,” he said.The concept has been around since the 1990s, but there are currently no RNA vaccines on the market for any pathogen, so Dr. Crotty said it’s hard to estimate how long their protective effects will last.Some vaccines offer a lifetime of protection, like the measles vaccine. Others offer decades of protection. The flu vaccine only lasts about six months.Dr. Crotty said the length of protection depends on how fast the virus mutates and how long the immune cells survive in the body.But even if the COVID-19 vaccine turns out to need an annual update, he’s optimistic. The best feature of RNA vaccines is that they can be quickly reprogrammed.Both Moderna and Pfizer are still in their Phase 3 trials, but they expect to finish them by December. Together, they estimate they’ll have enough doses for about 35 million people by the end of this year, primarily for healthcare workers and high-risk individuals. 3250

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- The COVID-19 pandemic has brought uncertainty to school districts across the state. With health conditions changing daily, so does the look of your child's education in the fall.This week an announcement of 100% distance learning from the state's two largest school districts sent some parents into an immediate panic."I was very taken aback," said San Diego mom Leona Smith.How long will classes be virtual? At this point, there's not a clear-cut answer. Parents are left with a lot of questions about how virtual and hybrid programs will impact their kids' education and their family."What are the resources going to be? How is it going to be laid out? What is the time spent? Is it going to be more structured through the distance learning than I felt it had been?" Smith said.Los Angeles Unified and San Diego Unified school districts made their course public, while other districts are still determining what the first day of school will look like, and some already have students back on campus.Statewide, there is no one-size-fits-all answer, but there are requirements districts need to follow."Most parents don't know there is a minutes requirement for each day," said Kevin Gordon with Capitol Advisors Group. "There's actually an annual minutes requirement that we have to hit for kids, and then there's actually a minimum number of days per year that we have to hit – 180 days, generally, and 180 minutes, generally."Gordon said a school day requires a minimum of 180 minutes or three hours of education at lower grade levels and 240 minutes or four hours for high school students.Gordon said those are minimum time standards and most districts exceed that.Reporter Adam Racusin asked him about class sizes."While they are lower than they used to be, they aren't the 20 to 1 that we would like them to be. And in all the upper grades they are absolutely exceeding 30 to 1 in most California classrooms," Gordon said.Imagine the challenge for districts that are bringing students back onto campus while following social distancing guidelines."It's not about cutting class sizes in half, it's like cutting class sizes into thirds," Gordon said.Another area of concern surrounds students who may need more support and instruction than they can get through typical distance learning.In California, once a child is found eligible for special education, the family will participate in the process by attending an individualized education program or IEP. It's both a process and a written document."It becomes almost like a contract and it says here's what the school district is going to do for the student" said special education attorney Timothy Adams."Parents really need the school district to help them, especially in circumstances where the student has really complex needs and requires a variety of in-person, therapeutic services that are delivered usually through their IEP. We need the school districts to implement those services," he explained.Many parents will have to wait for answers, while districts work to make plans flexible enough to adapt to changing community conditions.We reached out to the California Department of Education about guidance for districts regarding hours of learning a day, class sizes, and special education and did not hear back. 3304

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) – The City Council is expected to decide on a proposal that would turn two purchased hotels into housing for San Diego’s homeless, and on Monday, Mayor Kevin Faulconer made a push in favor of the plan.Part of California’s Project Homekey includes an initiative to provide more homeless Californians with permanent housing amid the COVID-19 crisis. The project’s budget is 0 million, with million for San Diego County.At a Monday press conference, Faulconer said, “Our goal was to reimagine our homeless system to get folks into housing more quickly with an emphasis on 'quickly.’ Tomorrow, the City Council will have the opportunity to put these dollars to good use for hotels to be transformed into 332 new housing units.”The city is working with San Diego's Housing Commission (SDHC) to turn two Residence Inns -- one in Mission Valley's Hotel Circle and the other in Kearny Mesa -- into apartment-style homes for the homeless.The hotels-turned-apartments would ideally create 300 units for over 400 homeless individuals, many of whom are currently staying inside the San Diego Convention Center's temporary housing facility.But some San Diegans like Josh, who resides next door to the Residence Inn in Mission Valley, are in favor of finding solutions for the homeless crisis but against the locations the SDHC has chosen."If you see the homeless shelters in downtown, those don't look like the best places on outside. A lot of loitering, crowds, so we're not informed on what this will look like," said Josh.He said if the purchase gets approved, he wants there to be strict guidelines for tenants."People who are elderly, have kids, or demonstrated work history. A qualified facility where you have to meet standards to come in,” Josh told ABC 10News.The City Council is slated to discuss the proposal and release a decision on Tuesday.Meanwhile, city leaders and the SDHC said security will be ramped up around the new apartments, with two live-in managers on site and residents will be the only ones allowed inside.If the project is approved, the transformation could happen as early as December 2020. 2140

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- The addition of 536 new homes on a former golf course in Rancho Penasquitos won't clog the one road leading out of the neighborhood in the event of an emergency evacuation, according to a new city study. The city released the environmental impact reporter for Lennar's Juniper proposal on Wednesday. Lennar is proposing to turn the languishing course behind the old Hotel Karlan on Penasquitos Drive into 536 housing units for senior citizens, including 81 affordable. The project also includes a nearly three acre public park, a three-mile trail. The environmental document analyzes impacts such as noise and traffic. It also looked at how the additional homes would impact evacuations in the northeast portion of Rancho Penasquitos, a neighborhood with only one road in and out. The document said there would be a less than significant impact on getting out fast for two reasons - first, a wildfire that starts in the Black Mountain Open Space park to the west would be blown away from the site by Santa Ana winds. Secondly, the site is not prone to wildfire because it is protected by developed terrain. "As part of the EIR, a fire risk analysis determined potential impacts related to wildfire hazards from implementation of the project would be less than significant and the project’s Wildland Fire Evacuation Plan demonstrates that timely evacuation of the site is feasible and would be improved by the additional roadway and emergency egress connections provided by the project," said city spokesman Anthony Santacroce. Additionally, plans call for adding a road into and out of the Juniper complex from Carmel Mountain Road, with emergency access. It would add a traffic light and roundabout to Penasquitos Drive, and improve an emergency access road on the opposite side of the neighborhood. Still, a group of residents is raising concerns that the Juniper project, combined with another potential 350 on the hotel site, would clog the one road leaving the area. Junaid Razvi, who heads the Penasquitos Northeast Action Group, noted Santa Ana winds are unpredictable and has had to evacuate three times in the last 15 years. "To put it mildly, I don't think we're getting the whole picture here," said Razvi. "We are not nimbys. I think the development has to be sensible terms of density, the access, ingress and egress points."Razvi's group said it plans to meet with Councilman Mark Kersey in the next few weeks to air their concerns. In a statement, the councilman said he understands where they are coming from. "Given our region's history, I understand and share residents' concerns about wildfire preparedness," he said. "Nothing is more important to me than public safety, especially when it comes to fire risk, and fire safety will be a primary concern when I evaluate any development proposal that comes before the City Council for approval."San Diegans have until April 6 to submit their comments on the EIR. 2957

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- The FBI and police are asking for the public’s help identifying a San Diego bank robbery suspect.Police say on March 6 around 10:45 a.m., a man robbed the Chase Bank on the 1700 block of Rosecrans Street.The man passed a note to the teller demanding cash and threatening to use a weapon. After receiving the money, the man fled the scene on foot.Surveillance cameras captured the suspect attempting to hide his identity with a hoodie.Anyone with information is asked to call the San Diego FBI at 858-320-1800 or San Diego Crime Stoppers at 888-580-8477. 581

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