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Smoke masks. Eye drops. No outdoor exercise. This is how Californians are trying to cope with wildfires choking the state, but experts say an increase in serious health problems may be almost inevitable for vulnerable residents as the disasters become more commonplace.Research suggests children, the elderly and those with existing health problems are most at risk.Short-term exposure to wildfire smoke can worsen existing asthma and lung disease, leading to emergency room treatment or hospitalization, studies have shown.Increases in doctor visits or hospital treatment for respiratory infections, bronchitis and pneumonia in otherwise healthy people also have been found during and after wildfires.RELATED: Missing-persons list tops 600 in Camp FireSome studies also have found increases in ER visits for heart attacks and strokes in people with existing heart disease on heavy smoke days during previous California wildfires, echoing research on potential risks from urban air pollution.For most healthy people, exposure to wildfire smoke is just an annoyance, causing burning eyes, scratchy throats or chest discomfort that all disappear when the smoke clears.But doctors, scientists and public health officials are concerned that the changing face of wildfires will pose a much broader health hazard."Wildfire season used to be June to late September. Now it seems to be happening all year round. We need to be adapting to that," Dr. Wayne Cascio, a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency cardiologist, said this week.In an overview published earlier this year, Cascio wrote that the increasing frequency of large wildland fires, urban expansion into wooded areas and an aging population are all increasing the number of people at risk for health problems from fires.Wood smoke contains some of the same toxic chemicals as urban air pollution, along with tiny particles of vapor and soot 30 times thinner than a human hair. These can infiltrate the bloodstream, potentially causing inflammation and blood vessel damage even in healthy people, research on urban air pollution has shown. Studies have linked heart attacks and cancer with long-term exposure to air pollution.Whether exposure to wildfire smoke carries the same risks is uncertain, and determining harm from smog versus wildfire smoke can be tricky, especially with wind-swept California wildfires spreading thick smoke hundreds of miles away into smoggy big cities."That is the big question," said Dr. John Balmes, a University of California, San Francisco, professor of medicine who studies air pollution."Very little is known about the long-term effects of wildfire smoke because it's hard to study populations years after a wildfire," Balmes said.Decreased lung function has been found in healthy firefighters during fire season. They tend to recover but federal legislation signed this year will establish a U.S. registry tracking firefighters and potential risks for various cancers, including lung cancer. Some previous studies suggested a risk.Balmes noted that increased lung cancer rates have been found in women in developing countries who spend every day cooking over wood fires.That kind of extreme exposure doesn't typically happen with wildfires, but experts worry about the kinds of health damage that may emerge for firefighters and residents with these blazes occurring so often.Whether that includes more cancer is unknown. "We're concerned about that," Balmes said.Regular folks breathing in all that smoke worry about the risks too.Smoke from the fire that decimated the Northern California city of Paradise darkened skies this week in San Francisco, nearly 200 miles southwest, and the air smelled "like you were camping," said Michael Northover, a contractor.He and his 14-year-old son have first-time sinus infections that Northover blames on the smoke."We're all kind of feeling it," Northover said.The smoke was so thick in San Francisco, the skyline was barely visible from across the Bay. The city's iconic open-air cable cars that are popular with tourists were pulled off the streets Thursday because of the bad air.An Environmental Protection Agency website said air quality in Sacramento was "hazardous" Thursday and San Francisco's was "very unhealthy." Many people walking around the cities wore face masks.Most schools in San Francisco, Sacramento, Oakland and Folsom said they would be closed Friday. At least six universities in Northern California canceled classes Thursday.At Chico State University, 11 miles (18 kilometers) from Paradise, ash fell this week and classes were canceled until after Thanksgiving."It's kind of freaky to see your whole town wearing air masks and trying to get out of smoke," said freshman Mason West, 18. "You can see the particles. Obviously, it's probably not good to be breathing that stuff in."West returned home this week to Santa Rosa, hard hit by last year's wine country fires, only to find it shrouded in smoke from the Paradise fire 100 miles (160 kilometers) away. West's family had to evacuate last year for a week, but their home was spared."It's as bad here as it was in Chico," West said. "It almost feels like you just can't get away from it."Smoke has been so thick in Santa Rosa that researchers postponed a door-to-door survey there for a study of health effects of last year's fire."We didn't feel we could justify our volunteer interns going knocking on doors when all the air quality alerts were saying stay indoors," said Irva Hertz-Picciotto, a public health researcher at the University of California, Davis. The study includes an online survey of households affected by last year's fire, with responses from about 6,000 people so far.Preliminary data show widespread respiratory problems, eye irritations, anxiety, depression and sleep problems around the time of the fire and months later."Conventional thinking is that these effects related to fires are transient. It's not entirely clear that's the case," Hertz-Picciotto said.Researchers also will be analyzing cord blood and placentas collected from a few dozen women who were pregnant during the fire, seeking evidence of stress markers or exposure to smoke chemicals.They hope to continue the study for years, seeking evidence of long-term physical and emotional harms to fire evacuees and their children.Other studies have linked emotional stress in pregnant women to developmental problems in their children and "this was quite a stress," Hertz-Picciotto said.It's a kind of stress that many people need to prepare for as the climate warms and wildfires proliferate, she said."Any of us could wake up tomorrow and lose everything we own," she said. "It's pretty scary."___Follow AP Medical Writer Lindsey Tanner at https://twitter.com/LindseyTanner . Her work can be found here .___The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives supportfrom the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content. 7036

Several Hilltown, Pennsylvania, police officers helped save a distressed horse from a burning barn last week, which was captured by an officer’s body-worn camera.Officer Matthew Reiss told KYW-TV that he did not have much time to get Phoebe the horse out of the barn."Quickly improvise, and come up with a solution to get that animal out,” Reiss said.Other horses were in the barn at the time of the fire and were rescued by friends and family, but Phoebe was reportedly too spooked to follow.That’s when the officers and horse trainer Lena Obernesser teamed to get Phoebe out. Obernesser used a shirt to cover her eyes and push the horse to safety as Reiss used a rope to pull Phoebe to safety. Phoebe then ran to safety."She was definitely terrified, the cops were fantastic though, they jumped right in,” Obernesser told KYW. “I saw the footage and I was just in awe. Like oh my God, thank God they were here."Obernesser credited the officers for rescuing Phoebe.“They really stepped up, we had so many people reaching out,” she said. “it was, I was so proud to be a part of this community."After a week, Phoebe is reportedly in good health. The condition of the barn is still being calculated, but members of the community have started a fundraiser to help the Red Wing Farm care for their horses. 1309

Small businesses employ roughly half of all Americans, but new data is showing many of these businesses are closing permanently.“It’s an excruciatingly hard decision,” said Martha Studstill. “You know small business owners put their heart and soul into their business.”For more than a decade Studstill has owned a small gift shop, Uptown Gifts, in South Carolina.“Until COVID came along we were buzzing,” said Studstill.Originally, in March, the plan for Uptown Gifts was to close temporarily for a few weeks. However, the shop has now been closed for more than three months. She has only been able to list items online, resulting in sales being down by 75%.However, sales aside and more importantly to Studstill, the danger of COVID-19, especially for someone her age, hasn’t subsided.“When we closed on March the 16, I really had no idea we would be where we are at today,” said Studstill.Studstill thought she would be reopening, not only earlier, but to fewer cases of COVID-19.Cases have actually been on the rise in her state. The uptick started most distinctly after reopenings. So, with the financial risk and uncertainty added to Studstill’s health risk of running the shop, she feels closing is her only choice.“I think if I were younger, I would not have made the same decision, but I am where I am at,” she added.Around the country, there is a wave of permanent business closures happening. One report done by Yelp shows more than 143,000 businesses listed on its platform closed between March and June. Now, roughly 35% of those businesses have indicated their closures are permanent. Most of those businesses closing are small businesses.“The numbers that are coming out are really sad,” said Frank Knapp with Small Business for America’s Future.Knapp heads the newly formed organization, pushing for better help for small businesses in Congress’ next stimulus package.“Our proposal for Small Business for America’s Future is that we need to put together grants for the really small businesses to help them get through this recession so that they are healthy on the other side and our economy can get back up and running again,” said Knapp.Saving small businesses could save jobs and be the fastest way to rebound the economy.“Small businesses hire about 50% of all workers in this country,” said Knapp, “We know from the last recession, it was small businesses that got us back on our economic feet again, not big businesses. Small businesses did the hiring right away.”“I think that this could be a defining moment where the general public could see just how important small businesses are to their community,” added Studstill. 2651

Since the police killing of George Floyd – and the killing of Breonna Taylor – two cases in a lengthy history of police killing unarmed Black men and women – there have been protests and a movement for reform to policing practices. LEAD and partner JONES are bringing together local leaders, Councilmember Monica Montgomery [sdchamber.org], Joshua Chanin [sdchamber.org], and Jerry Sanders [sdchamber.org]. The discussion will break things down into a deeper understanding of the police reform movement and discuss ways we can be involved.CAN'T SEE THE VIDEO BELOW? CLICK HERE 584

Special counsel Robert Mueller's office is considering bringing more criminal charges against Paul Manafort, after it accused the former Trump campaign chairman of violating his plea deal to cooperate with prosecutors.The announcement came at a half-hour court hearing Friday morning, where Manafort's team learned that his sentencing for conspiracy and witness tampering will happen on March 5, 2019.The hearing came just days after special counsel prosecutors said they believe Manafort lied during his interviews with investigators following his guilty plea in September. The special counsel's office may have to turn over evidence backing up its claim in the coming weeks.Such a move could give Manafort's legal team, and in theory, President Donald Trump's lawyers if they are still in touch, a new window into some of the information Mueller has collected during the investigation.Manafort pleaded guilty earlier this year to two charges of conspiracy and witness tampering, while publicly admitting he committed several other financial and lobbying crimes. He separately was found guilty by a jury in Virginia of eight financial fraud charges related to his Ukrainian lobbying proceeds.Lead prosecutor Andrew Weissmann said the Justice Department is evaluating whether Manafort could still be held liable for crimes he's admitted to but is not currently charged with in federal court."I don't know at this time. We will have to evaluate whether it will be fruitful to take action" on those crimes, Weissmann said.Manafort is currently in jail in Alexandria, Virginia. He did not attend the hearing Friday; two defense attorneys were there on his behalf.Since his initial indictment last October, Manafort has been a thorn for prosecutors and, at times, for the judge.While he still claimed his innocence in the case, prosecutors indicted him for attempting to contact potential witnesses to shape their stories. He then went to trial in Virginia federal court, holding off prosecutors from making a deal. After he lost his case at trial, Manafort changed his plea and agreed to cooperate with investigators. But that cooperation now appears to be tainted with the lying accusation -- another unusual turn of events.Manafort says he believes he was truthful with investigators."We have ... had lengthy conversations with the defense to discuss the facts," related to Manafort's alleged lies during his cooperation, Weissmann said. "They're aware the gravemen of what the concerns are."Both legal teams will hash that out in court soon, with filings beginning to come in next week about the facts of how Manafort's cooperation fell apart.Despite the dispute over whether Manafort breached his plea deal, the two parties struck a cordial tone in the courtroom.When things wrapped up, lawyers from both sides wished each other "happy holidays," sometimes shouting across the room, as people started filing out of the chilly courtroom. 2950

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