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BEIJING, Aug. 22 (Xinhuanet) -- Researchers have discovered how a human egg captures an incoming sperm for fertilization, paving the way to help couples suffering from infertility, according to media reports on Monday.An international team of researchers found that a sugar chain known as the sialyl-lewis-x sequence (SLeX) makes the outer coat of the egg “sticky,” which has proven to be helpful in binding the egg and the sperm.As a result, this observation has filled in a huge gap in the understanding of fertility and provides hope for ultimately helping couples who currently cannot conceive.Scientists and doctors know that a sperm identifies an egg when proteins on the head of the sperm match and bind to a series of specific sugars in the egg’s outer coating. With a successful match of proteins, the outside surfaces of the sperm and egg then bind together before merging, which is then followed by delivery of sperm’s DNA into egg.To identify this molecules, the researchers used ultra-sensitive mass-spectrometric imaging technology to observe and identify which molecules are most likely to be key in the binding process.They experimented with a range of synthesised sugars in the laboratory and found that it is SLeX that specifically binds sperm to an egg.According to the World Health Organisation, infertility affects about 15 percent of reproductive-aged couples around the world and almost one in every seven couples in Britain has problems conceiving a child for various reasons.

BERLIN, June 6 (Xinhua) -- The German authorities said on Monday that Germany's first sample tests of the allegedly contaminated bean sprouts have found no E. coli strains that have sickened more than 2,000 people in Europe.According to a statement issued by the Agriculture Ministry of the Lower-Saxony state, 23 of 40 samples concerning the suspected sprouts from a market garden in the state have tested negative, and further tests are still pending."Based on the initial findings in tests of some of the samples, especially the seeds, we assume that intensive analytical efforts are needed to prove that the suspected pathogen is really there," the statement said.Beansprouts and salad sprouts are seen in this picture illustration taken in Berlin June 6, 2011.  The German authorities said on Monday that Germany's first sample tests of the allegedly contaminated bean sprouts have found no E. coli strains that have sickened more than 2,000 people in EuropeLower-Saxony's Agriculture Minister Gert Lindemann said Sunday that a market garden in the rural district of Uelzen had provided a connection "involving all the main outbreaks" of the disease.Restaurants and food outlets of almost all E. coli-affected areas had received shipments of sprouts directly or indirectly from the company, state officials said.The German authorities have been racing to track down the source of the pathogen since the outbreak, which has infected people in 12 countries, all of whom had once traveled in northern Germany.More than 600 of those infected have developed Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, a potentially deadly complication attacking the kidneys.The E. coli source was first thought to be cucumbers from Spain, which has caused huge loses for Spain farmers. However, this conclusion was overthrown by laboratory tests in Hamburg later.

BEIJING, Aug. 2 (Xinhuanet) -- The first close-up pictures of the asteroid Vesta, a protoplanet that dates back to the early days of the solar system, were revealed Monday by NASA scientists.The images were taken by the U.S. space agency's Dawn robotic probe, which is two weeks into a planned year-long survey of the second largest object in the main asteroid belt, located between Mars and Jupiter.About twice the size of California, Vesta is second in size only to Ceres, Dawn's next target and, along with Pluto, one of just five known dwarf planets. NASA is spending 466 million dollars to explore Vesta and Ceres during the course of a 10-year mission.Images from Dawn show Vesta a surprisingly diverse terrain and several unexplained geologic features. Chaotic terrain near the south pole is dominated by a towering central peak and huge ripple-like grooves stretching around its equatorial belt. Bright spots, dark pits and craters are filled with unexplained streaks of black and white debris. Terrain north of the grooves is much more heavily cratered.Scientists believe Vesta grew from a clump of gas and dust left over after the sun's birth some 4.65 billion years ago, a supernova explosion, which added radioactive materials to the growing body.Dawn will spend about a year circling Vesta, tweaking its orbit and altitude using an innovative technology called ion propulsion system, chief engineer Marc Rayman with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California said.The ion propulsion system will enable Dawn to leave Vesta's orbit after a year of study and head off to Ceres, which is the largest object in the asteroid belt.

WASHINGTON, Sept. 12 (Xinhua) -- An enzyme that appears to play a role in controlling the brain's response to nicotine and alcohol in mice might be a promising target for a drug that simultaneously would treat nicotine addiction and alcohol abuse in people, U.S. researchers find.Over the course of four weeks, mice genetically engineered to lack the gene for protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon consumed less of a nicotine-containing water solution than normal mice, and were less likely to return to a chamber in which they had been given nicotine. In contrast, normal mice steadily increased their consumption of nicotine solution while the mice lacking PKC epsilon did not.The study conducted by researchers at the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, appeared Monday in the online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.In normal mice, as in humans, nicotine binds to a certain class of nicotinic receptors located on dopamine neurons, which causes dopamine to be released in the brain. Dopamine creates a feeling of enjoyment, and thus prompts a sense of reward. Researchers found that mice lacking PKC epsilon are deficient in these nicotinic receptors.The finding complements earlier research in which researchers found that mice genetically engineered to lack the PKC epsilon enzyme drank less alcohol than normal mice and were disinclined to return to a chamber in which they had been given alcohol."This could mean that these mice might not get the same sense of reward from nicotine or alcohol," said Gallo senior associate director and investigator Robert Messing. "The enzyme looks like it regulates the part of the reward system that involves these nicotinic receptors."The reward system is a complex of areas in the brain that affect craving for nicotine, alcohol and other addictive substances.The next step in the research, said Messing, would be to develop compounds that inhibit PKC epsilon. The ultimate goal, he added, would be medications that could be used "to take the edge off of addiction by helping people get over some of their reward craving."

BEIJING, Aug. 12 (Xinhuanet) -- Engineers at the University of Illinois have unveiled novel, skin-mounted electronics whose circuitry bends, wrinkles, and even stretches with skin, according to media reports quoting the Science Friday.The device platform includes electronic components, medical diagnostics, communications, and human-machine interfacing on a patch so thin and durable that it can be mounted to skin much like a temporary tattoo, the jounral described.What's more, the engineers demonstrated the invention across a wider range of components, including LEDs, transistors, wireless antennas, sensors, and conductive coils and solar cells for power."We threw everything in our bag of tricks onto that platform, and then added a few other new ideas on top of those to show that we could make it work," said engineering professor John A. Rogers in a news release.

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