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WASHINGTON, Sept. 12 (Xinhua) -- An enzyme that appears to play a role in controlling the brain's response to nicotine and alcohol in mice might be a promising target for a drug that simultaneously would treat nicotine addiction and alcohol abuse in people, U.S. researchers find.Over the course of four weeks, mice genetically engineered to lack the gene for protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon consumed less of a nicotine-containing water solution than normal mice, and were less likely to return to a chamber in which they had been given nicotine. In contrast, normal mice steadily increased their consumption of nicotine solution while the mice lacking PKC epsilon did not.The study conducted by researchers at the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, appeared Monday in the online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.In normal mice, as in humans, nicotine binds to a certain class of nicotinic receptors located on dopamine neurons, which causes dopamine to be released in the brain. Dopamine creates a feeling of enjoyment, and thus prompts a sense of reward. Researchers found that mice lacking PKC epsilon are deficient in these nicotinic receptors.The finding complements earlier research in which researchers found that mice genetically engineered to lack the PKC epsilon enzyme drank less alcohol than normal mice and were disinclined to return to a chamber in which they had been given alcohol."This could mean that these mice might not get the same sense of reward from nicotine or alcohol," said Gallo senior associate director and investigator Robert Messing. "The enzyme looks like it regulates the part of the reward system that involves these nicotinic receptors."The reward system is a complex of areas in the brain that affect craving for nicotine, alcohol and other addictive substances.The next step in the research, said Messing, would be to develop compounds that inhibit PKC epsilon. The ultimate goal, he added, would be medications that could be used "to take the edge off of addiction by helping people get over some of their reward craving."

WASHINGTON, July 10 (Xinhua) -- U.S. space shuttle Atlantis docked with the International Space Station on Sunday morning after nearly two days of flight.Commander Christopher Ferguson guided space shuttle Atlantis to a docking with the station at 11:07 a.m. EDT (1507 GMT) when the two spacecrafts were flying 240 miles up over east of New Zealand, according to NASA.This was the 12th and final time Atlantis docked to the space station. It was the 46th shuttle docking to a space station, nine to the Russian Mir station and 37 to the International Space Station.The space shuttle Atlantis is seen with part of the structure of the International Space Station in the foreground and the earth in the background as it approaches the station for docking in this still image from NASA TV July 10, 2011. The shuttle and station crews will open hatches and hold the traditional welcome ceremony at about 1:19 p.m. EDT (1719 GMT). The combined crew of 10 will begin more than a week of docked operations, transferring vital supplies and equipment to sustain station operations once the shuttles are retired.Atlantis lifted off on Friday morning from Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on the 135th and final flight in NASA's shuttle program.It is the 33rd voyage for Atlantis. Its return to the earth later this month will mark the end of the 30-year shuttle program.

SAN FRANCISCO, Sept. 22 (Xinhua) -- Facebook on Thursday introduced Timeline, a new profile design featuring milestones of one's life on a single page.At Facebook's f8 developer conference, Chief Executive Officer Mark Zuckerberg promoted the new feature, a blog-like presentation that let users scrolls vertically through the big moments of one's life."It's how you can tell the whole story of your life in a single page," said Zuckerberg, showing his Timeline which started from a baby photo.Zuckerberg assured users that they have complete control over their Timeline, saying that they can decide what content will appear and who can see it. The new feature will be available in a few weeks.Half a billion people are using Facebook in the world everyday, according to Zuckerberg.

BEIJING, Aug. 15 (Xinhua) -- Scientists in a lab with Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station in southern Guangdong Province have found neutrino through two detecting instruments, which is likely to provide clues to solving the mystery of why there is more matter than antimatter in the universe.The Institute of High Energy Physics with the Chinese Academy of Sciences on Monday announced the breakthrough that was achieved by more than 250 researchers from six countries and regions.The two neutrino detectors are installed underground 360 meters away from the nuclear plant at a depth of 100 meters.Scientists believe that matter and antimatter were created in equal amounts during the Big Bang, but the disappearance of antimatter remains a mystery.Neutrino is an elementary particle that is able to pass through ordinary matter almost unaffected, which makes it extremely difficult to detect.Located in Shenzhen, a city neighboring Hong Kong, the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station commenced operation in 1993.Scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the U.S.-based Brookhaven National Laboratory and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory started the underground neutrino experiment in 2006.Kam-Biu Luk, spokesman for the laboratory, said that the results of the experiment would further shed light on the evolution of basic matter after the Big Bang.The neutrino experiment in the Daya Bay is one of the largest cooperation projects with regards to basic research between China and the United States.Among the participants of the experiment are Russia, Czech Republic, and China's Hong Kong and Taiwan regions.

WASHINGTON, July 20 (Xinhua) -- The loss of a protein that coats sperm may explain a significant proportion of infertility in men worldwide, according to a study by an international team of researchers led by University of California Davis.A paper describing the work was published Wednesday in the journal Science Translational Medicine. The research could open up new ways to screen and treat couples for infertility.The gene DEFB126 encodes a protein called Beta Defensin 126, which coats the surface of sperm and helps it penetrate cervical mucus in the female. A survey of samples from the U.S., Britain and China showed that as many as a quarter of men worldwide carry two copies of the defective gene.In the new study, researchers found that men with a muted DEFB126 lack Beta Defensin 126, making it much more difficult for sperm to swim through the mucus and eventually join with an egg.Examining 500 newly married Chinese couples, researchers found that the lack of Beta Defensin 126 in men with the DEFB126 mutation lowered fertility (even among men that did not display other deficiencies usually associated with infertility, like inadequate semen volume and low sperm motility). Wives of men with the Beta Defensin 126 variant were significantly less likely to become pregnant than were other couples, and 30 percent less likely to have a birth.This genetic variation in DEFB126 likely accounts for many unexplained cases of infertility, researchers say. They hope next to work with a major infertility program in the U.S. to further explore the role of the mutation.

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