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LOS ANGELES, June 17 (Xinhua) -- The size of low-oxygen zones created by respiring bacteria is extremely sensitive to changes in depth caused by oscillations in climate, thus posing a distant threat to marine life, a new study suggests."The growth of low-oxygen regions is cause for concern because of the detrimental effects on marine populations -- entire ecosystems can die off when marine life cannot escape the low- oxygen water," said lead researcher Curtis Deutsch, assistant professor of atmospheric and oceanic sciences at University of California, Los Angeles."There are widespread areas of the ocean where marine life has had to flee or develop very peculiar adaptations to survive in low- oxygen conditions," Deutsch said in the study to be published in an upcoming print edition of the journal Science.A team led byDeutsch used a specialized computer simulation to demonstrate for the first time that fluctuations in climate can drastically affect the habitability of marine ecosystems.The study also showed that in addition to consuming oxygen, marine bacteria are causing the depletion of nitrogen, an essential nutrient necessary for the survival of most types of algae."We found there is a mechanism that connects climate and its effect on oxygen to the removal of nitrogen from the ocean," Deutsch said. "Our climate acts to change the total amount of nutrients in the ocean over the timescale of decades."Low-oxygen zones are created by bacteria living in the deeper layers of the ocean that consume oxygen by feeding on dead algae that settle from the surface. Just as mountain climbers might feel adverse effects at high altitudes from a lack of air, marine animals that require oxygen to breathe find it difficult or impossible to live in these oxygen-depleted environments, Deutsch said.Sea surface temperatures vary over the course of decades through a climate pattern called the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, during which small changes in depth occur for existing low-oxygen regions, Deutsch said. Low-oxygen regions that rise to warmer, shallower waters expand as bacteria become more active; regions that sink to colder, deeper waters shrink as the bacteria become more sluggish, as if placed in a refrigerator."We have shown for the first time that these low-oxygen regions are intrinsically very sensitive to small changes in climate," Deutsch said in remarks published Friday by the American Association for the Advancement of Science on its website. "That is what makes the growth and shrinkage of these low-oxygen regions so dramatic."Molecular oxygen from the atmosphere dissolves in sea water at the surface and is transported to deeper levels by ocean circulation currents, where it is consumed by bacteria, Deutsch said."The oxygen consumed by bacteria within the deeper layers of the ocean is replaced by water circulating through the ocean," he said. "The water is constantly stirring itself up, allowing the deeper parts to occasionally take a breath from the atmosphere."A lack of oxygen is not the only thing fish and other marine life must contend with, according to Deutsch. When oxygen is very low, the bacteria will begin to consume nitrogen, one of the most important nutrients that sustain marine life."Almost all algae, the very base of the food chain, use nitrogen to stay alive," Deutsch said. "As these low-oxygen regions expand and contract, the amount of nutrients available to keep the algae alive at the surface of the ocean goes up and down. "Understanding the causes of oxygen and nitrogen depletion in the ocean is important for determining the effect on fisheries and fish populations, he said.

NEW YORK, Aug. 19 (Xinhua) -- U.S. crude oil price edged down on Friday, ending the week with a 3.65-percent loss, the fourth straight drop in the week.With absence of major macro-economic news, crude prices on Friday mainly followed the dollar's steps. As the dollar dipped to its historic low against the Japanese yen while dropping also against the euro, oil rallied for most of the trading session.But in the last trading hour, crude turned negative because the dollar bounced back from low and the U.S. stocks turned to red. The dollar index, tracking the greenback's performance against a basket of currencies, fell 0.4 percent.Crude prices fell sharply on Thursday as fears of a double-dip recession triggered sell-off of riskier assets. WTI dropped nearly 6 percent. On Friday, the markets seemed to start calming down. But for the week, it still posted a fall of 3.65 percent.Light, sweet crude for September delivery fell moderately 12 cents, or 0.15 percent to settle at 82.26 dollars a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange after trading from 79.17 to 83.55 dollars.But in London, Brent crude for October delivery gained 1.63 dollars, or 1.52 percent to close at 108.62 dollars a barrel. For this week, it gained 59 cents, or 0.55 percent.

SAN FRANCISCO, July 7 (Xinhua) -- Apple announced Thursday that over 15 billion applications have been downloaded from its App Store by more than 200 million Apple mobile devices users worldwide."Thank you to all of our amazing developers who have filled it with over 425,000 of the coolest apps and to our over 200 million iOS users for surpassing 15 billion downloads," said Phillip Schiller, Apple's senior vice president of worldwide product marketing, in a statement.Launched on July 10, 2008, Apple's digital application distribution platform has been growing at a fast speed. It took nine months to hit one billion downloads and five billion in June 2010. In January, Apple gave a 10,000-U.S. dollar App Store gift card to a user who downloaded the 10 billionth application.In Thursday's statement, the Cupertino, California-based company said it had paid developers 2.5 billion dollars to date.Apple's mobile market place is far ahead of Google's Android Market. At its annual I/O conference in May, Google said there had been 4.5 billion app installs so far. But Google said the growth of its mobile operating system and applications is accelerating with its store hitting another billion downloads every 60 days.Currently, Apple is in a legal battle against Amazon over the use of "Appstore," which the online retailer launched in March to sell mobile applications to Google's Android platform users.On Wednesday, a federal judge denied Apple's request to immediately stop Amazon from using the term "Appstore."Meanwhile, Amazon, Microsoft, HTC, Nokia and Sony Ericsson have filed complaints against Apple in Europe, seeking to get Apple's trademarks for "App Store" and "Appstore" invalidated.

SAN FRANCISCO, Aug. 22 (Xinhua) -- Hewlett-Packard (HP) on Monday unveiled a new business desktop computer, days after the world's largest personal computer (PC) maker announced its plan to sell its PC business.The company said the new model, HP Compaq 8200 Elite All-in-One Business Desktop, is the industry's first all-in-one PC that integrates Intel's second-generation Core vPro technology, which can deliver up to 40 percent better performance, 15 percent faster hard drive access and reduced downtime via remote information technology management."Another industry first in our Elite desktop family demonstrates our commitment to engineering excellence and underscores our global leadership in secure, enterprise computing, " Jeff Groudan, HP's director of commercial desktop marketing, said in a statement.HP said the new computer is available now in the United States. It starts at the price of 999 U.S. dollars, and comes with a standard three-year warranty.Last Thursday the company announced that it is considering a full or partial separation of its PC business through a spin-off or other transactions, a process that HP estimates may take about 12 to 18 months.

BEIJING, June 21 (Xinhua) -- China will launch a new icebreaker for use during an upcoming 2013 polar expedition, a senior oceanic official said on Tuesday.Both the new icebreaker and Xuelong ("Snow Dragon"), an icebreaker that operated in Antarctica, will form an Arctic-Antarctic maritime research team."China will have at least two icebreakers concurrently operating at both the north and south poles," Chen Lianzeng, deputy director of the State Oceanic Administration, told a national conference on polar research, which has been the first since 1984 when the country started expeditions in polar regions.The new icebreaker will boast facilities that will allow it to research the oceanic environment, integrate data for real-time oceanic monitoring, deploy and retrieve detectors and conduct aerial studies using helicopters, Chen said.The two icebreakers will conduct expeditions in polar regions for more than 200 days annually, he said.Fixed-wing aircraft will also be added to the expedition team before 2015, allowing researchers to be transported between China's Zhongshan and Kunlun research stations and Antarctica's Grove Mountains.The Kunlun station went into operation in early 2009 as the first Chinese research station on Antarctica's inland. The Zhongshan station, established in 1989, now serves as a supply base for the Kunlun station.A written comment by Vice Premier Li Keqiang sent to the conference said the polar research, a magnificent feat of the mankind, has great significance for China's oceanic work and sustainable development."Over the past two decades, China's polar research made great achievements and became influential globally," Li said.Li encouraged Chinese scientists to actively participate in international exchanges and cooperation, safeguard national interests and contribute to the peaceful use of polar regions.Since the early 1980s, China has sent 27 Antarctic expedition teams and completed four research missions to the Arctic Ocean.Besides the Xuelong icebreaker, China has built three Antarctic stations -- Changcheng (Great Wall), Zhongshan and Kunlun -- and one Arctic station -- Huanghe (Yellow River) Station.