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CHICAGO, Ill. -- Historical housing practices in the U.S. have put many communities of color at a disadvantage. It’s not necessarily due to individuals being racist. It’s due to housing policies nearly a century ago that still affects people of color today, otherwise known as systemic racism.Chicago is a classic example of a city that’s still very segregated. Marketta Sims was born and raised in Chicago. She lost her mother at 14, was incarcerated for more than a decade, and upon being released, she became homeless.“Homelessness is mentally, physically, spiritually, emotionally draining,” Sims said.Sims says she was on the streets for a year and a half.“What’s my meal for the day? What am I going to wear? How am I going to take a bath?" Sims said. "And then people look at you like ‘oh, they just want to be lazy.' Some people actually have jobs and be actually homeless. And work like I did. I worked, and still was homeless.”Sims joined a program through a homeless shelter, moved into transitional housing and now she lives in an apartment with her fiancé. However, it wasn’t easy. She says it took a lot of hard work and determination to get there.“They make sure that you have to jump through all type of loopholes to get to housing,” Sims said.To understand the disadvantages people of color face currently, we must understand what was going on in the housing realm back in the 1930s. Kendra Freeman is the director of community engagement with the Metropolitan Planning Council in Chicago. The Metropolitan Planning Council is a planning and policy-change not-for-profit organization founded in 1934 to improve housing conditions in the city of Chicago. It was also in the 1930s that a practice called "redlining" made its way across the nation.“Redlining was an intentional process that was used by the real estate industry and the financing industry to really color-code communities and steer where lending happened," Freeman said. "So essentially if you’re in a majority black community or community of color, typically those were colored red and rated as undesirable high-risk neighborhoods.”Think of it as a stop light. Green meant it was a good community to invest in, blue meant it was fairly good, yellow meant you should take a step back and red was deemed hazardous. A lender or government agency was able to make decisions on who gets a mortgage and who doesn’t by looking at the maps and experts say it was a discriminatory practice based on the race and ethnicity of people who lived in a certain neighborhood.“It’s all remarkably racist,” Dr. Robert Nelson at the University of Richmond said.Dr. Robert Nelson is the director of Digital Scholarship Lab at the University of Richmond which has been working to develop an atlas of U.S. history. One project is called Mapping Inequality and shows how cities in the U.S. were broken up.It wasn’t just Black communities. Other minorities were singled out as well: Syrian, Japanese, Latino, Polish, and even Jewish. Dr. Nelson says it’s important to note redlining was a federal program produced by the federal government with federal oversight and it nationalized lending practice standards.“These are not maps that were just produced by banks that had discriminatory lending practices," Dr. Nelson said. "This is the federal government saying discriminatory racist lending policies is best practice in the industry.”Dr. Nelson says money was channeled to white, middle-class families, causing inter-generational wealth. In other words, they were able to build wealth and pass it on as inheritance to their kids.“Typically in America the way that you build wealth is through home ownership and real estate," Freeman said. "So when you look back to my grandfather, your grandfather and their ability to buy a home, and traditionally you get a job, buy a home, you raise a family and you build equity in that home – and you can use that equity to do things like send your kids to college or invest in a business, or help your grandchildren with a down payment for their first home.”Even though redlining became illegal through the Fair Housing Act of 1968, Co-Executive Director Giana Baker with the Chicago Area Fair Housing Alliance says decades of the practice contributed to racial disparities we see now and the disinvestment in Black communities for generations is clear.“If we take those same maps in that era that were created through the Home Owner Loans Corporation, those same communities on the west and south sides are communities where they have a rich legacy in the people who live there, but we also see that those are the communities that there are food deserts where there may not be grocery stores,” Baker said.Baker says even she is impacted.“In the community that I live in – which is a suburb outside of Chicago, but it is a predominantly Black suburb that has been disinvested – my house does not have the same value that it would have if I was just one neighborhood over.”There’s no easy solution to eliminating barriers of housing for people. Baker says her organization is advocating for everyone to have equal access to affordable housing, meaning people would be able to pay their rent and still have money left over for groceries, childcare and medical expenses.According to Freeman, the first step in American society should be shifting perceptions so people of color are seen as human beings with an equitable opportunity for housing and wealth. Then comes programs – like the one that helped Sims find housing – but what will make the most difference is a change in policy.“We can do things to help improve conditions through programs, but if you don’t get to the core of changing policy that holds those inequities in place, then you’re not changing the problem,” Freeman said.Changing policy is part of the work Freeman and her team is trying to do at Metropolitan Planning Council. However, she says it will take everyone to do the hard work of structural change.“Know that housing is a human right," Sims said. "I will stand and I will fight.” 6061

California is the single worst state for drivers in the United States, according to a new report from Bankrate.com. Long commute times is the top reason listed by the site with the average commute time in the Golden State being nearly 30 minutes. Nearly half of all roads in California are in poor condition doubling that of the national average. RELATED: Here are the new laws going into effect on California roads in 2019The state also has more thefts and higher insurance premiums. But wait, there’s more. The report also factored in repair costs and extremely high gas prices. Check out the list below for the top 5 worst states for drivers: California HawaiiConnecticutNew Jersey Washington 705

CARLSBAD, Calif. (KGTV -- It's an historic gem in Carlsbad. Some of Hollywood's biggest stars of the 1930's would gather for a here for a relaxing get away from Los Angeles. A vacation home to Leo Carrillo from the TV show "The Cisco Kid." Once a massive ranch, now transformed into an 1800 acre city park in Carlsbad. Mick Calarco, Project Manager with the City of Carlsad calls the park a "manifestation of Carrillo's childhood dreams." Million- dollar homes now surround the park, but it was once a sprawling and working ranch with livestock and wild animals. Peacocks still roam the property, original descendants of the birds Carrillo bought for the ranch."You can truly lose yourself out here," said Calarco. The old adobe buildings have been beautifully restored to their original splendor. Carrillo bought the property in 1937. His famous friends, including Clark Gable would often visit the ranch. In every building you can see Carrillo's vision for preserving early ranch architecture. Adobe was a central theme in Leo's remembrance of of his childhood ranches. After Carrillo's daughter, Tony, left the estate, the buildings began to fall apart. The City of Carlsbad acquired the remaining 10.5-acre ranch in 1977. It now serves as a park to educate and advocate for ranch preservation and restoration. The park is open daily 9 A.M.- 5 p.m. 1359

CHANDLER, Okla. – Investigators say they were able to use DNA from a discarded cigarette butt to crack a 33-year-old cold case.The Oklahoma Attorney General's Office says the cigarette butt and latent prints were collected at a rest stop where Paul Aikman was found brutally stabbed to death in September of 1985.A DNA profile was developed from one of the cigarette butts, but the Lincoln County case eventually went cold.Last year, however, forensic scientists notified agents that they had found a potential DNA hit in the national DNA database. The DNA matched 55-year-old Earl Wilson, who is currently incarcerated in Oklahoma Department of Corrections custody for unrelated crimes.Criminalists say they then matched a print taken from the crime scene to Wilson.Attorney General Mike Hunter has now filed first-degree murder charges against Wilson.“Advances in DNA technology are allowing authorities to take another look at these difficult cases,” said Hunter. “Just because cases go cold doesn’t mean someone shouldn’t be held responsible, even after three decades.”The director of the Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation, Ricky Adams, says Aikman’s family has suffered for 35 years, not know who was responsible for his murder.“35 years have passed, but we have not forgotten about Paul,” said Adams. “Thanks to science and determined police work by OSBI agents and our Cold Case Unit, we are pleased to announce that the suspect in Paul’s murder has been identified. I would like to give thanks Attorney General Hunter and his staff for taking this case, filing a murder charge and giving a voice to Paul and his family.” 1641

CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – The U.S. government will pay Moderna Inc. up to .525 billion to secure 100 million doses of the company’s COVID-19 vaccine candidate.The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and Department of Defense (DoD) made the announcement Tuesday.HHS says Moderna will manufacture the vaccine doses while clinical trials are still underway to expedite the traditional development timeline and get vaccines to the public as soon as possible.The Trump administration hopes to deliver the vaccines by the end of the year, so long as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorizes their use.“In creating a vaccine portfolio for Operation Warp Speed, the Trump Administration is increasing the likelihood that the United States will have at least one safe, effective vaccine by 2021,” said HHS Secretary Alex Azar. “Today’s investment represents the next step in supporting this vaccine candidate all the way from early development by Moderna and the National Institutes of Health, through clinical trials, and now large-scale manufacturing, with the potential to bring hundreds of millions of safe and effective doses to the American people.”HHS says the vaccine doses will be delivered to government-designated locations across the country and the U.S. could acquire up to an additional 400 million doses of the vaccine.If viable, the vaccines would be available to the American people at no cost, according to HHS. Healthcare professionals could charge for the cost of administering the vaccine, though.The vaccine, called mRNA-1273, has been co-developed by Moderna and scientists from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health. The third phase of the vaccine trial, which began July 27, is the first government-funded Phase 3 clinical trial for a COVID-19 vaccine in the nation, according to HHS.“We appreciate the confidence of the U.S. government in our mRNA vaccine platform and the continued support,” said Stéphane Bancel, Moderna’s Chief Executive Officer. “We are advancing the clinical development of mRNA-1273 with the ongoing Phase 3 study being conducted in collaboration with NIAID and BARDA. In parallel, we are scaling up our manufacturing capability with our strategic partners, Lonza, Catalent and Rovi, to address this global health emergency with a safe and effective vaccine.” 2402