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WASHINGTON, Nov. 8 (Xinhua) -- Children with autism have more brain cells and heavier brains compared to typically developing children, according to a study to be published on Wednesday in the Journal of the American Medical Association.The small, preliminary study provides direct evidence for possible prenatal causes of autism.The prefrontal cortex is involved in various higher order functions such as language and communication, social behavior, mood, and attention. Children who have autism tend to show deficits in such functions.Eric Courchesne, of the University of San Diego School of Medicine Autism Center of Excellence, and colleagues conducted direct counts of brain cells in specific regions of the prefrontal cortex in postmortem brains of seven boys who had autism and six typically developing males, ranging in age from 2-16 years. Most participants had died in accidents, but the researchers did not base their selection on causes of death.The researchers found that children with autism had 67 percent more neurons in the prefrontal cortex and heavier brains for their age compared to typically developing children. Since these neurons are produced before birth, the study's findings suggest that faulty prenatal cell birth or maintenance may be involved in the development of autism. Another possible factor that may contribute to the neuronal excess is a reduction in apoptosis, or programmed cell death, which normally occurs during the third trimester and early postnatal life.Though small, this preliminary study examined all relevant postmortem tissue available at the time. The relative scarcity of tissue from very young children may limit future research as well, but efforts to include a larger number of samples are needed to confirm these findings and to identify patterns of age-related changes in autism, the researchers say."Earlier studies of head circumference and early brain overgrowth have pointed us in this direction, but there have been few quantitative neuroanatomical studies due to the lack of postmortem tissue from children with autism," said Thomas Insel, director of the National Institute of Mental Health, in a statement. "These new results, along with an earlier study reporting altered wiring of the prefrontal cortex, focus our attention on this critical area of the brain in autism."

BEIJING, Jan. 20 (Xinhuanet) --The air quality has worsened in the Chinese capital since Wednesday, triggering renewed discontent among residents.Without rainfall and wind to dispel pollutants, particulate matter has been accumulating in the air. Most monitoring stations measured PM 10 (particulate matter smaller than 10 micrograms) at higher than 300 micrograms a cubic meter.In southwestern Beijing's Fangshan district, the Liangxiang station recorded 516 micrograms of PM 10 a cubic meter, the highest reading of the day, according to the Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center.More than 150 micrograms a cubic meter is considered hazardous to health.Beijing has been shrouded by heavy smog off and on this winter, and the ongoing air concerns are wearing on residents particularly as they prepare to celebrate the Spring Festival holiday next week."I almost got choked by the smog when I stepped out of the office building on Wednesday," said Yang Yanli, 24, an accountant. "The smell is so terrible, as though I'm inhaling chunks of coal, that it has spoiled my holiday mood.""PM 10 intensity has been particularly high these days," said Wang Qiuxia, a researcher at the Green Beagle, a non-governmental organization based in Beijing.Unlike the smog that hit mostly the southern part of the capital on Jan 1, the smog in recent days has shrouded the entire city, according to the Beijing environmental protection bureau.Worse yet, it will linger until Saturday, when the wind will pick up and disperse it, the bureau predicted.The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention suggests people stay at home to protect themselves from respiratory and heart problems triggered by heavy smog."The intensity of indoor pollutants is 30 to 60 percent lower than those outdoors during a hazy day," said Xu Dongqun, an officer with the environmental bureau. "I suggest people with respiratory problems put off traveling if the smog lingers."But many people said they had to brave the foul air to travel, especially migrants who are eager to reunite with their families during Spring Festival."No one likes to travel when the air is this bad, but do you have any choice when Spring Festival is coming?" asked Feng Xiao, a public servant at China's General Administration of Sport. The 24-year-old plans to travel by train from Beijing to her hometown in East China's Shandong province on Friday.

SHIJIAZHUANG, Oct. 16 (Xinhua) -- Chickens began being domesticated in China about 8,000 years ago, far earlier than in the rest of the world,according to a recent study on fossils uncovered in north China's Hebei Province.Archaeologists said they had unearthed 116 fossil specimens from 23 types of animals, including pig, dog, chicken, tortoise, fish, and clam, at the Cishan Site, a Neolithic village relic in the city of Wu'an.Several bone fragments were identified to be from domesticated chickens, said Qiao Dengyun, head of the Handan Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology."The chicken bones found at Cishan are slightly larger than wild jungle fowls, but smaller than that of a modern domesticated chicken," said Qiao.Qiao said the bone fossils date back to 6,000 BC, earlier than the oldest domesticated chicken previously discovered in India that dated back 4,000 years."Most of the bones were from cocks, indicating that ancient residents used the practice of killing cocks for their meat and raising hens for their eggs," said Qiao.The Cishan Site, which dates back 10,000 years, was first discovered in the 1970s. At the site, experts have found remnants of China's oldest cultivated millet as well as walnut shells, a discovery that challenged the popular belief that walnuts had been brought to China from what is now Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Central Asia.

WASHINGTON, Dec. 28 (Xinhua) -- People with diets high in several vitamins or in omega 3 fatty acids are less likely to have the brain shrinkage associated with Alzheimer's disease than people whose diets are not high in those nutrients, according to a new study published on Wednesday in the online issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.Those with diets high in omega 3 fatty acids and in vitamins C, D, E and the B vitamins also had higher scores on mental thinking tests than people with diets low in those nutrients. These omega 3 fatty acids and vitamin D are primarily found in fish. The B vitamins and antioxidants C and E are primarily found in fruits and vegetables.In another finding, the study showed that people with diets high in trans fats were more likely to have brain shrinkage and lower scores on the thinking and memory tests than people with diets low in trans fats. Trans fats are primarily found in packaged, fast, fried and frozen food, baked goods and margarine spreads.The study involved 104 people with an average age of 87 and very few risk factors for memory and thinking problems. Blood tests were used to determine the levels of various nutrients present in the blood of each participant. All of the participants also took tests of their memory and thinking skills. A total of 42 of the participants had MRI scans to measure their brain volume. Overall, the participants had good nutritional status, but seven percent were deficient in vitamin B12 and 25 percent were deficient in vitamin D.Study author Gene Bowman, of Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, said that the nutrient biomarkers in the blood accounted for a significant amount of the variation in both brain volume and thinking and memory scores. For the thinking and memory scores, the nutrient biomarkers accounted for 17 percent of the variation in the scores. For brain volume, the nutrient biomarkers accounted for 37 percent of the variation."These results need to be confirmed, but obviously it is very exciting to think that people could potentially stop their brains from shrinking and keep them sharp by adjusting their diet," Bowman said.

BEIJING, Jan. 25 (Xinhua) -- China's meteorological authority said Wednesday that most parts of China will continue to be in the grip of cold with temperatures remaining low over the next few days.Snowy weather is forecast to continue in the country's southern regions, and freezing rain is expected to hit parts of Guizhou and Hunan provinces, the National Meteorological Center said in a statement on its website.Parts of the country's northwest areas expected to see light snow or drizzle.Meanwhile, fog will shroud most parts of the country's southern areas Wednesday morning, reducing visibility in parts of Yunnan, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang provinces to less than 1,000 meters, while smog is forecast to hit some areas of Jiangsu Province, according to the statement.