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WASHINGTON, Nov. 16 (Xinhua) -- Data from NASA's Galileo spacecraft have provided scientists evidence of what appears to be a body of liquid water, equal in volume to the North American Great Lakes, beneath the icy surface of Jupiter's moon, Europa, the U.S. space agency announced Wednesday.The data suggest there is significant exchange between Europa's icy shell and the ocean beneath. This information could bolster arguments that Europa's global subsurface ocean represents a potential habitat for life elsewhere in our solar system. The findings will be published Thursday in the scientific journal Nature.Europa, which is slightly smaller than Earth's moon, is believed to have a large ocean of salty water deep beneath its frozen crust. Galileo spacecraft, launched by the space shuttle Atlantis in 1989, studied Jupiter, which is the most massive planet in the solar system, and some of its many moons.Pictures of it sent back by Galileo point to a tortured surface of cracks and jumbled ice. Seeking to understand how such weird topography evolved in a place with such dim sunlight, scientists believe that the answer lies in similar processes on Earth.Their model suggests that Europa's ice shell is about 10 kilometers thick and within it are giant pockets of water, lying at depths as shallow as three kilometers. Warm water from these sub-surface lakes wells up in plumes, causing the ice to become brittle, crack and then collapse. The ice turnover would be a plus for the prospects for life, as it would transfer energy and nutrients between the sub-glacial lake and the surface."One opinion in the scientific community has been if the ice shell is thick, that's bad for biology. That might mean the surface isn't communicating with the underlying ocean," said Britney Schmidt, lead author of the paper and postdoctoral fellow at the Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin. " Now, we see evidence that it's a thick ice shell that can mix vigorously and new evidence for giant shallow lakes. That could make Europa and its ocean more habitable.""The data opens up some compelling possibilities," said Mary Voytek, director of NASA's Astrobiology Program. "However, scientists worldwide will want to take a close look at this analysis and review the data before we can fully appreciate the implication of these results."

WASHINGTON, Dec. 28 (Xinhua) -- People with diets high in several vitamins or in omega 3 fatty acids are less likely to have the brain shrinkage associated with Alzheimer's disease than people whose diets are not high in those nutrients, according to a new study published on Wednesday in the online issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.Those with diets high in omega 3 fatty acids and in vitamins C, D, E and the B vitamins also had higher scores on mental thinking tests than people with diets low in those nutrients. These omega 3 fatty acids and vitamin D are primarily found in fish. The B vitamins and antioxidants C and E are primarily found in fruits and vegetables.In another finding, the study showed that people with diets high in trans fats were more likely to have brain shrinkage and lower scores on the thinking and memory tests than people with diets low in trans fats. Trans fats are primarily found in packaged, fast, fried and frozen food, baked goods and margarine spreads.The study involved 104 people with an average age of 87 and very few risk factors for memory and thinking problems. Blood tests were used to determine the levels of various nutrients present in the blood of each participant. All of the participants also took tests of their memory and thinking skills. A total of 42 of the participants had MRI scans to measure their brain volume. Overall, the participants had good nutritional status, but seven percent were deficient in vitamin B12 and 25 percent were deficient in vitamin D.Study author Gene Bowman, of Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, said that the nutrient biomarkers in the blood accounted for a significant amount of the variation in both brain volume and thinking and memory scores. For the thinking and memory scores, the nutrient biomarkers accounted for 17 percent of the variation in the scores. For brain volume, the nutrient biomarkers accounted for 37 percent of the variation."These results need to be confirmed, but obviously it is very exciting to think that people could potentially stop their brains from shrinking and keep them sharp by adjusting their diet," Bowman said.

ADDIS ABABA, Dec. 1 (Xinhua) -- Marking the World AIDS Day on Thursday at the African Union (AU) headquarters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Jean Ping, the AU Commission chairperson, said Africa should no longer see new generations with HIV infection.Through his representative, Ping called upon individual and collective action to contain mother to child transmission of HIV."We should act individually and collectively not only to prevent mother to child transmission but also to take care of the health of people living with the virus," said the chairperson.He also expressed commitment of the AU Commission to work with member states and pertinent bodies in the efforts made to HIV treatment and prevention.The World AIDS Day is commemorated this year under the theme "Zero Mother to Child Transmission", as world leaders who were gathered in New York for the 2011 United Nations (UN) High Level Meeting on AIDS in June, launched a Global Plan for significant strides towards eliminating new HIV infection among children by 2015 and keeping their mothers alive.Remarkable progress has been made so far, which is proof to realize the vision of zero new HIV infection, zero discrimination, and zero AIDS-related death (the three zeros), said UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon in the message on the commemoration of the World AIDS Day.The secretary general revealed that the number of new infections has fallen by more than 20 percent since 1997, and new infections are continuing to decline in most parts of the world.In sub-Saharan Africa, the region most affected by the AIDS epidemic, HIV incidence has decreased in 22 countries, he said.According to UNAIDS, Ethiopia, Nigeria, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe are among the African countries where new HIV infections dropped significantly."Treatment has averted 2.5 million AIDS-related deaths since 1985. Last year alone, 700,000 lives were saved. Some 6.6 million people, nearly half those who need treatment in low and middle- income countries, are now receiving it," said Ban."Synergies between prevention and treatment are speeding up progress. But, to end AIDS, we need to deliver even greater results," said the secretary general.The UNAIDS says to get to the three zeros there must be acceleration on smart investments, capitalizing on scientific advancements and respecting human rights.Speaking at the AU headquarters on the commemoration of AIDS Day, Jan Beagle, deputy executive director of UNAIDS, underlined on the need to invest smartly to achieve the vision of the three zeros.There is a global target of 22 million U. S. dollars to 24 billion dollars to fund the AIDS response, which the UNAIDS says is a shared responsibility of all countries, donors and others."International assistance for the AIDS response has declined from 8.7 billion dollars in 2009 to 7.6 billion in 2010," said the Deputy Executive Director."We need to use new technology more effectively to reduce costs and demonstrate that we can deliver return on investment," she said.The AIDS movement is a movement for inclusiveness, equity and social justice, she said, adding that it has demonstrated global solidarity is possible to address multi-sectoral challenges.According to Abdoulie Janneh, executive secretary of the UN Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), an estimated 7,000 people get infected with HIV infections every day.The executive secretary highlighted ingenious and novel approaches in introducing new HIV/AIDS prevention strategies."A combination of the traditional initiatives and innovative initiatives can all be used to eliminate new HIV infections," said Janneh.

CANBERRA, Oct. 4 (Xinhua) -- A visiting U.S. obesity expert, Kelly Brownell, on Tuesday called on Australia to make a start on taxing high-sugar soft drinks.As director of U.S. Yale University's Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, Professor Brownell is in Canberra of Australia to attend the 46th Australian Psychological Society Annual Conference.He said soft drinks were a good place to start in the taxing of high-sugar foods because they were the single greatest source of added sugar in the average person's diet, had absolutely no nutritional value, were marketed aggressively and were linked with the risk for obesity and diabetes.While obesity has overtaken smoking as the leading cause of premature death and illness in Australia, he said the government should tax soft drinks in the same way it taxes cigarettes, because research showed that taxes had been the strongest influence on falling rates of consumption."We have seen how effective tobacco taxes have been in reducing rates of smoking, so there is no reason to believe such taxes wouldn't be as effective in reducing the consumption of high sugar and fat foods," Brownell, who was named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world, told the conference in Canberra on Tuesday. "A soft-drink tax is a good place to start. "Earlier this week, Denmark became the first country to impose a tax on food containing saturated fats, and Brownell said he completely supports Denmark's policy and that governments should act courageously to do whatever is effective in encouraging better eating habits.According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development report, Australia is ranked as one of the fattest nations in the developed world. The prevalence of obesity in Australia has more than doubled in the past 20 years, with more than 17 million Australians are overweight or obese.

SUVA, Oct. 3 (Xinhua) -- It is Pinktober again and Fiji like the rest of the world will be raising awareness of breast cancer too, Fiji Cancer Society Chairperson and breast cancer awareness month President Nirmala Nambiar has said."Join the fight against breast cancer through early detection and awareness." This is the message the Fiji Cancer Society is sending out this October, which is breast cancer awareness month, worldwide.Fiji Cancer Society Chairperson and breast cancer awareness month President Nirmala Nambiar said, "Fiji continues to have a high incidence of breast cancer deaths with large number of tumors presented to health professionals at a late stage due to the stigma of having the disease."In the first quarter of 2011, there were 46 new breast cancer cases recorded, whilst there were 33 new cases in the same period last year."The figures could be scary but one must understand that as the awareness increases in our communities the number of cases recorded increases," she warned.Men and women should be aware that age, obesity and family history are all factors that contribute to the risk of developing the disease.This October the Fiji Cancer Society has planned a number of events all targeted to raise awareness since the lack of information and education is dangerous.Nambiar said through partnership with the Ministry of Health, Oxfam Clinic in Suva and the Fiji Nurses Association, supported by the sponsorship of Colgate Palmolive, the focus this year is on reaching out to the rural community and making a difference to the lives of the poor and unprivileged."We have free checkups planned for the month at the major villages from Vunidawa, Korovou and Valelevu to Lami at the other end and hope that we will be able to support the women in this area who may not be able to have a check- up otherwise.According to the official, the society's western branch continues to arrange free check- ups with the support of the Patan Clinic.The awareness and free checkups have also been arranged for corporate organizations at their request and if we are not able to provide all this during October we will continue to schedule them for the following month.The Society's thanks go to Suva Private Hospital for offering half price mammograms for the month of October, Nambiar said, adding a common issue with Fiji women, according to doctors at the hospital, was the return rate."Once they hear the news that they have cancer, many women don' t return because of the fear of what's next. Hence the Society is working with the hospitals and helping counsel patients to get them back for treatment rather than fight the losing battle, since 70 percent of cancer cases can be saved through early detection and treatment," she said.The Fiji Cancer Society strongly believes that the success of the awareness program this month will set the platform for the society's ongoing initiative to drive and raise the community's understanding, get them involved and make them take care of each other. 

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