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LOS ANGELES (AP) — When a wildfire burned across Big Sur two years ago and threatened hundreds of homes scattered on the scenic hills, thousands of firefighters responded with overwhelming force, attacking flames from the air and ground.In the first week, the blaze destroyed 57 homes and killed a bulldozer operator, then moved into remote wilderness in the Los Padres National Forest. Yet for nearly three more months the attack barely let up.The Soberanes Fire burned its way into the record books, costing 2 million as the most expensive wildland firefight in U.S. history in what a new report calls an "extreme example of excessive, unaccountable, budget-busting suppression spending."The report by Firefighters United for Safety, Ethics, and Ecology criticizes fire managers for not adapting their approach to the changing nature of the blaze. The nonprofit group, which gets funding from the Leonard DiCaprio Foundation and other environmental organizations, advocates ending "warfare on wildfires" by ecologically managing them.The report suggests the Forest Service response was the result of a "use it or lose it" attitude to spend its entire budget, which had been boosted by 0 million because of a destructive 2015 fire season. The agency managed to spend nearly all its 2016 money in a less-active fire season on about half the amount of land that burned the year before."They just kept going crazy on it," report author Timothy Ingalsbee said. "It wasn't demand-driven. It was supply-driven. They had all this extra money Congress had given them, and they had to justify that."Forest Service officials would not comment directly on the report. After asking The Associated Press to provide written questions, the agency declined to answer them and issued a short statement saying it was committed to reducing costs in similarly large fires."Protection of people first and then resources are our primary considerations," the statement said. "Every fire is evaluated to determine the appropriate strategy. We continually look for opportunities to improve outcomes and accountability and to find more cost-efficient and effective methods of managing wildfires."In addition to burning 206 square miles (534 square kilometers), the smoky fire closed signature parks in the area and put a damper on tourism in Big Sur during the peak season of its only industry. Monterey County estimated a 40 percent loss in revenue for the summer season in the area.An internal Forest Service review produced last year and obtained by the AP reached some of the same conclusions as Ingalsbee.For example, the department's review found that from Aug. 9 to Sept. 29, 2016, the number of threatened structures remained at 400 even as the fire grew by more than 90 square miles (230 square kilometers), which indicated the risk to property had abated as the flames burned into the wilderness. During that period, firefighting costs grew by 0 million.The review found forest managers didn't think they could deviate from the "overwhelming force concept" aimed at suppression. It also said the agency's protocol for managing long-term wildfires "does not sufficiently evaluate and adjust to changing risk."One challenge fire commanders faced was an outdated forest management plan for Los Padres that called for full suppression of all wildfires, Ingalsbee said.Mike Warren, a retired National Park Service firefighter who reviewed the report, questioned the wisdom of suppressing fires in remote wilderness where flames can help eliminate brush and other flammable vegetation that could fuel a later wildfire.When Warren was fire management officer at Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, they would let blazes burn in the wilderness if they were confident the fire would stay in the park.The challenge in a place like the tourist-dependent Big Sur area is pressure from politicians, homeowners, businesses, loggers and ranchers to control the fire, Warren said."When is enough enough?" he said. "When do you back off say, 'This is it. We're just going to let it do its thing.' That takes some real political will."The Forest Service's internal review inspired Ingalsbee to file public records requests for other documents that led to his report.Among his findings:— About a fifth of the area burned was from fires set to clear brush and vegetation between outer perimeters and the active fire. One of these blazes jumped fire lines. These burnout operations created additional smoke and cost an estimated million.— A nearly million air campaign, including large air tankers that cost ,720 per hour, was largely ineffective. Retardant is effective at slowing flames only where ground crews can remove vegetation to create containment lines. But drops were done deep in steep, rugged wilderness where it was too dangerous to send crews, and even where flames never reached.— Bulldozers, which cost ,700 per hour, tore up wilderness, creating what Ingalsbee called "ghost roads" that will remain for years. The Forest Service spent an estimated million a day for weeks repairing damage done by dozers.The report concluded that once the blaze that broke out July 22, 2016, entered wilderness, there was little chance of stopping it before fall rains fell.Chad Hanson, an expert on fire and director of the John Muir Project, a nonprofit environmental group, said the cost was stunning, but the approach to fire was business as usual."It's sort of shocking that this massive amount of taxpayer money is being spent trying to suppress backcountry fires that are weather-driven and can't be stopped until the weather changes, rather than focusing resources on protecting communities," Hanson said. "On the other hand, I'm not surprised the Forest Service is doing this because it's been their practice for years."One beneficiary of the firefighting effort was Tom Little Bear Nason, who lives in a homestead in the national forest his family has owned for 150 years. He was also a contractor on the fire, with a team of dozer operators.Nason, chairman of the Esselen Tribe of Monterey County, credited the suppression effort with helping save his property. But he said costs shot up when managers went overboard on backfires and cut contingency lines too far from the fire.He also criticized the leadership on the fire, which changed every couple of weeks, for disregarding a pre-attack fire plan drawn up by local, state and federal agencies, tribal leaders, environmentalists and homeowners that included information on protecting historic and cultural sites.He said those plans "got chucked out the window" and led to significant losses. A homesteader cabin burned to the ground, sacred sites such as burial grounds were plowed over, and a rock where tribal members gave birth was struck by a bulldozer."Lots of efforts went to protect communities that went above and beyond" what was necessary, Nason said. "They were acting on the worst-case scenario." 6975

LOS ANGELES – A judge ruled Thursday that Starbucks and other coffee sellers in California must carry cancer warnings, according to the Associated Press. The decision comes after a lawsuit was filed by the nonprofit Council for Education and Research on Toxins that targeted several companies, including Starbucks and 7-Eleven, CNN previously reported.The lawsuit alleged that the companies “failed to provide clear and reasonable warning” that drinking coffee could expose people to acrylamide, which is created when coffee beans are roasted.Court documents filed by the nonprofit state that, under Proposition 65, businesses must warn people about the presence of agents that affect health.The coffee industry claimed that the acrylamide was present, but only in harmless levels. The industry also argued that they should be exempt because the chemical results naturally from the cooking process.In addition to paying fines, the lawsuit called for companies to post warnings about acrylamide with explanations about the risks of drinking coffee."I'm addicted to coffee, I confess, and I would like to be able to have mine without acrylamide," said Raphael Metzger, the attorney who represented the nonprofit."Coffee has been shown, over and over again, to be a healthy beverage. The US Government's own Dietary Guidelines state that coffee can be part of a healthy lifestyle. This lawsuit simply confuses consumers, and has the potential to make a mockery of Prop 65 cancer warning at a time when the public needs clear and accurate information about health,” said Bill Murray, President and CEO of the National Coffee Association.Acrylamide was added to California’s carcinogen list in January of 1990. 1723

LOS ANGELES (AP) — Ariana Grande has announced she is engaged in a series of social media photos of her and her fiance, and her engagement ring. The “Rain on Me” singer posted the photos of her cuddling with Dalton Gomez, a luxury real estate agent, on Sunday. The post reads "forever n then some (sic)" and includes a close-up photo of the pearl and diamond engagement ring. 384

LONDON — U.K. regulators say people who have a “significant history’’ of allergic reactions shouldn’t receive the new Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine while they investigate two adverse reactions that occurred on the first day of the country’s mass vaccination program. Stephen Powis, the national medical director for the U.K.'s National Health Service in England said Wednesday that health authorities were acting on a recommendation from the Medical and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. He says the agency has advised, on a precautionary basis, that "people with a significant history of allergic reactions do not receive this vaccination." Powis added that both people are recovering well.Dr. June Raine, head of the U.K.'s Medical and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, told Parliament on Wednesday that the reactions were not seen in clinical trials for the drug.“We know from the very extensive clinical trials that this wasn’t a feature,” Raine said, according to the Associated Press. “But If we need to strengthen our advice, now that we have had this experience with the vulnerable populations, the groups who have been selected as a priority, we get that advice to the field immediately.The FDA is currently weighing whether to approve the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for emergency use in the United States. 1325

LOS ANGELES (AP) — Southern California residents faced with the loss of lives and homes in a huge wildfire also are grappling with the destruction of a vast swath of public lands that are popular destinations for hikers, horseback riders and mountain bikers.The Woolsey Fire has charred more than 83 percent of National Park Service land within the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, where officials announced Wednesday that all trails were closed."We understand that folks are curious about how their favorite park spots fared. We promise to share that ASAP," the park service tweeted, warning that the blaze was still active after burning for nearly a week.Three people have been found dead in fire zone, which spans 153 square miles (396 square kilometers).RELATED: Malibu residents frustrated by fire recoveryThe fire broke out Nov. 8 and quickly became one of the largest and most destructive in state history. Firefighters have made steady progress this week, getting it more than halfway contained, but warned many hotspots remain.A massive burn scar encompasses more than 30 square miles (80 square kilometers) within the recreation area that stretches from beaches to inland mountains straddling Los Angeles and Ventura counties. It's the largest urban national park in the nation, with more than 30 million visitors every year.Cyril Jay-Rayon, 52, watched the news with despair as flames engulfed what he called his "main playground" — a rugged area where he rode his mountain bike a few times a week. It includes the famous Backbone Trail, a 65-mile (104-kilometer) route that offers challenging terrain for bikers and hikers who are rewarded with soaring views of the Pacific Ocean."It's just devastating. Those trails are my sanity. It's where I ground myself," he said. "I love the city, but I also love how easy it is to get out into the wild."People share their recreation areas with wildlife, including 13 mountain lions tracked by biologists via GPS collars. Park officials said two of the big cats were unaccounted for. Four monitored bobcats also were believed to have survived, but their habitats were burned, the park service said.While the damage was still being assessed, officials confirmed that Paramount Ranch's "Western Town," a landmark film location dating to 1927 that included a jail, hotel and saloon, burned to the ground. The TV shows "Westworld," ''The Mentalist" and "Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman" were among the productions that shot there.Officials took the loss of the film location especially hard, because it was a unique feature among all the national parks."It's so special to share the story of moviemaking that came out of Southern California," recreation area spokeswoman Kate Kuykendall said. "We're the only National Park Service site that interprets American film history."There's been an outpouring of public support for rebuilding the site, she said, adding that at least three homes of park employees were gutted.The fire also destroyed much of nearby Peter Strauss Ranch, which hosted performances by Johnny Cash and Willie Nelson in the 1950s and more recently was a wedding destination.Jay-Rayon, 52, said customers at the sports nutrition store he owns were coming to terms with the fact that it could be months or longer before they can ride or hike in their favorite wilderness areas again.Also charred was Cheeseboro Canyon, former ranchland featuring trails through rolling grasslands against the backdrop of peaks and canyons. After winter and spring rains, the area is awash in green, but vegetation quickly dries in the persistent sun, fading to yellow and then brown. Grasses and other plants were brittle in the weeks before the fire started.U.S. Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke was touring the Woolsey burn area Thursday.About 15 percent of the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area is National Park Service land. The remainder is made up of private property, California State Parks and other conservation lands.___Follow Weber at https://twitter.com/WeberCM___Associated Press journalist Brian Melley contributed to this report. 4138