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VIENNA, Sept. 22 (Xinhua) -- Climate change and rising temperature in the long term can lead to water shortages in the Alps region, international experts warned Thursday at the Water-Scarce Final Conference in the Austrian eastern city Graz.The Alpine region originally is rich in water resources due to a large number of glaciers, spring and abundant rainfall either in summer or winter. But global warming may change this situation which has been shown in the past years that the water reserve has reduced gradually due to climate change, warned the experts.Observation data have shown a significant decrease of 25 percent in groundwater recharge in the past 100 years which has also resulted in the reduction of mountain spring.Director of the Provincial Department of Water Resources of Styria Johann Wiedner point out, in 2003, droughts occurred in the eastern part of the Alps, including the state of Styria and water shortages were also found in other regions of the Alps. He said the phenomenon was giving a warning that people "have to do something."To this end, the European Union begun a project called "Alp Water Scarce" three years ago to observe water reserves, air temperature, water temperature and water table in this region and study the relationships among them.Wiedner also admitted that there is no shortage of water at least in the short term and water supply for the local residents is totally insured.

WASHINGTON, Sept. 12 (Xinhua) -- An enzyme that appears to play a role in controlling the brain's response to nicotine and alcohol in mice might be a promising target for a drug that simultaneously would treat nicotine addiction and alcohol abuse in people, U.S. researchers find.Over the course of four weeks, mice genetically engineered to lack the gene for protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon consumed less of a nicotine-containing water solution than normal mice, and were less likely to return to a chamber in which they had been given nicotine. In contrast, normal mice steadily increased their consumption of nicotine solution while the mice lacking PKC epsilon did not.The study conducted by researchers at the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, appeared Monday in the online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.In normal mice, as in humans, nicotine binds to a certain class of nicotinic receptors located on dopamine neurons, which causes dopamine to be released in the brain. Dopamine creates a feeling of enjoyment, and thus prompts a sense of reward. Researchers found that mice lacking PKC epsilon are deficient in these nicotinic receptors.The finding complements earlier research in which researchers found that mice genetically engineered to lack the PKC epsilon enzyme drank less alcohol than normal mice and were disinclined to return to a chamber in which they had been given alcohol."This could mean that these mice might not get the same sense of reward from nicotine or alcohol," said Gallo senior associate director and investigator Robert Messing. "The enzyme looks like it regulates the part of the reward system that involves these nicotinic receptors."The reward system is a complex of areas in the brain that affect craving for nicotine, alcohol and other addictive substances.The next step in the research, said Messing, would be to develop compounds that inhibit PKC epsilon. The ultimate goal, he added, would be medications that could be used "to take the edge off of addiction by helping people get over some of their reward craving."

He also said that China's track record of sharing knowledge with the World Bank was creating a "catalyst for consensus" and that placed the institutions in good stead to benefit from China's economic consistence."The Chinese policy mix includes a tool box of administrative measures ... In general, one of the lessons that the United States and others can learn (from China) is that to have supervisory policies for bank regulatory systems can be a useful part of the tool set."Aside from hinting that over-heating global real estate markets could benefit from China's regulatory tightening, Zoellick suggested if China moved to more market-exposed decision making, he hoped China's bank regulators would not step too far back."Over time China will be better served to move to more precise and market signals than more administration-based decisions. Over time China will want to move to more market based decisions ... but I don't want this to be interpreted that supervisors don't have to supervise," he said.

BEIJING, July 17 (Xinhua) -- China's land prices in 105 cities rose 1.87 percent on average in the second quarter over the first, but the rate of growth slowed, the China Urban Land Price Dynamic Monitor, a land price information provider, announced Sunday. < In the second quarter, land price for business properties averaged 5,506 yuan (about 847 U.S. dollars) per square meter, up 2.77 percent from the previous quarter. The growth rate slowed by 0.56 percentage points.Land price for residential properties averaged 4,443 yuan per square meter, up 2.17 percent. The growth slowed by 0.27 percentage points. The price for industrial uses, meanwhile, was up 1.13 percent to reach 645 yuan per square meter. The growth fell 0.3 percentage points.The country's three most prosperous regions, the Yangtze River Delta Region, Pearl River (Zhujiang) Delta Region, and the Bohai Rim, all reported slower land price growth in the second quarter.

WASHINGTON, July 12 (Xinhua) -- Two U.S. astronauts stepped out the International Space Station on Tuesday to retrieve a failed ammonia pump, which is the last spacewalk of the shuttle era, NASA announced.Space station astronauts Mike Fossum and Ron Garan completed the six-hour, 31-minute spacewalk at 3:53 p.m. EDT (1953 GMT). The duo retrieved a pump module from an external stowage platform on station and store it in shuttle Atlantis' cargo bay for return to Earth.The pump module failed in 2010, shutting down half of the space station's cooling system. Engineers will evaluate the module to determine the cause of the failure and plan to refurbish it for use as a spare.The astronauts also attached a Robotic Refueling Module experiment to the space station, which aims to test technologies for repairing and refueling satellites in space.It was the 249th spacewalk by U.S. astronauts and the 160th spacewalk in support of space station assembly and maintenance, totaling 1009 hours, nine minutes.Atlantis lifted off on Friday morning from Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on the 135th and final flight in NASA's shuttle program. Its return to the earth later this month will mark the end of the 30-year shuttle program.

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