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NANJING, April 23 (Xinhua) -- At a time when almost every commodity in China is getting more expensive, the dwindling cost of medicine is a rarity.Zhang Jinkui, a hypertension patient, buys medicines from the community health center of his neighborhood in Changzhou, a city in east China's coastal Jiangsu Province.His prescription list includes Aspirin Enteric-coated tablets, down to 1.4 yuan from 4.7 yuan (0.7 U.S. dollars) per unit, and Fosinopril Sodium Tablets, down to 41.39 yuan from 51.6 yuan per unit.Both drugs are found on the essential drug list unveiled in 2009. The list names the 307 most common western and traditional Chinese medicines, which are heavily subsidized so hospitals can sell them at cost price.A consumer buys medicines with the help of a retailer at a pharmacy in Lianyungang, east China's Jiangsu Province, March 28, 2011.All essential medicines are listed by their generic names, and drug producers compete to supply essential medicines through public procurement.Due to a long history of low government funding for state-run hospitals, which often covers only 10 percent of the hospitals' operating costs, doctors have generated income for hospitals by aggressively prescribing expensive, and sometimes unnecessary, medicines and treatments.The essential medicine system and the reform of publicly funded hospitals, two pillars of China's health reform, are designed to address high medical costs and low accessibility of medical services.In April 2009, China kicked off health reforms aimed at correcting these long-standing problems facing China's health system and easing public grievances.Two years later, the essential medicine system has reduced drug prices, but still fails to please hospitals, patients and drug producers.The system requires government-funded grassroots health clinics, including urban community health centers and rural clinics, to prescribe only essential medicines and to sell these medicines at cost price, rather than with the previous 15 percent mark-up.Such policies have brought hard times to grassroots health clinics, especially in cash-strapped areas.Song Wenzhi, a public health professor at Peking University, said "Grassroots health clinics, without the expertise to perform operations and other treatments, rely heavily on selling drug," adding that these hospitals have found themselves scraping by due to the zero percent mark-up policy.Wang Zhiying, Vice Director of the People's Hospital of Anxiang County in the city of Changde, Hunan Province, said four grassroots hospitals in Changde tested the essential medicine system as pilot projects, but the zero percent mark-up policy took away 60 to 70 percent of the hospitals' revenue.Wang was quoted by "Health News," a newspaper run by China's Ministry of Health, as saying that, due to financial difficulties, the county government had not yet channeled the 8 million yuan (1.2 million U.S.dollars) in support funds into the hospitals' accounts, resulting in the resignations of many doctors.The essential medicine system covers 60 percent of government-funded grassroots hospitals and drug prices have fallen by an average of 30 percent, said Sun Zhigang, Director of the Health Reform Office under the State Council, or China's Cabinet.According to the health reform plan for 2011, the essential medicine system will cover all government-sponsored health institutions at the grassroots level by the end of the year and drugs will be sold there at a zero percent mark-up.Song Wenzhi said the key will be the commitment of local governments to health reform and their financial input. This way, essential medicines can benefit the public without bankrupting grassroots health institutions."That would be a great sum of money." said Song, citing his own studies. "There are roughly 5,000 government-funded hospitals in China. One third of them make profits, one third barely break even, and still one third rely heavily on government subsidies."To maintain the poorest hospitals, central and local level governments would need to invest 15 billion yuan (2.3 billion U.S. dollars) each year, according to Song's estimate.

BEIJING, Feb. 8 (Xinhua) -- As the Chinese Lunar New Year hoilday ended Tuesday, waves of Chinese residents began their journey back to work, as they boarded trains, airplanes and buses.The China Meteorological Administration announced Tuesday that a cold front would cause temperatures to fall by 4 to 12 degrees Celsius in most parts of the country, while some areas in the northwest, north and southwest will see rainfall or snow from Wednesday to Friday.Fleets of motorbikes carrying thousands of migrant workers passed through national roads again on Tuesday.The Ministry of Public Security said it set up 8,300 service stations along the country's major highways to provide free food, medicine, and rest stops for motor-riding migrant workers. The stations also sent police cars to clear the way for large groups of motorists.Chen Tianchong, a migrant worker from Muge County, Guigang City of southwest China' s Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and 38 of his fellow migrant worker started their journey on motorcycles at 4:30 a.m. on the foggy National Road 324, which is a 2,712-kilometer road linking five provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunan in southern China.A motorcycle usually carried two people, often a couple, sometimes with a child sandwiched in between. They would wrap themselves in thick outerwear to battle the cold weather at night. Limited access to cheap public transportation had forced many migrant workers to make their trips home on their own."I promised my boss that I would go back to the factory in Guangdong before Wednesday," said Chen.Chen said that they might arrive at Dali County, Shunde City of south China's Guangdong Province around eleven at night, after more than 18 hours riding a motorcycle from their hometown. By this way, each family may save more than 1,000 yuan - half of their monthly income.Zhong Fei, another migrant worker also from Guangxi, chose this way home during the Spring Festival for the past three years. Zhong told Xinhua that earning money for his family was the most important thing and the exhausting trip was nothing.From Guangdong alone, one of China's manufacturing bases, over 100,000 migrant workers left for home on motorbikes, said the local police. The Spring Festival travel rush started in China in the late 1980s, when millions of farmers from inland China moved to coastal cities to work.In spite the increasing popularity of motor cycles, the majority of Chinese travelers still prefer trains or buses. Shandong province embraced the post-holiday passenger rush Tuesday, with railway stations witnessing 200,000 passengers in a single day.Highway toll booths near Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and other big cities in China have become clogged.Passengers are also snapping up airplane tickets. China Southern Airlines had increased flights from 30 to 70 flights per day.Official forecasts indicate that this year's Spring Festival holiday may see a record 2.85 billion passenger trips nationwide, as Chinese workers return home from across the country for family reunions and go back to work after the holidays.

BEIJING, April 10 (Xinhua) -- Many children in the U.S. live in poverty and their physical and mental health is not ensured as nearly one in four children struggles with hunger, according to a report on the U.S. human rights record released by China on Sunday.The Human Rights Record of the United States in 2010 was released by the Information Office of China's State Council in response to the country reports on Human Rights Practices for 2010 issued by the U.S. Department of State.The poverty rate increased for children younger than 18 to 20.7 percent in 2009, up 1.7 percentage points from that in 2008, the report quoted figures from the U.S. Census Bureau as saying.The report pointed out that violence against children is very severe in the country, citing figures from the official website of Love Our Children USA that every year over three million children are victims of violence reportedly and the actual number is three times greater.More than 93,000 children are currently incarcerated in the United States, and between 75 and 93 percent of children have experienced at least one traumatic experience, including sexual abuse and neglect, the report said.According to the report, pornographic content is rampant on the Internet and severely harms American children as seven in 10 children have accidentally accessed pornography on the Internet and one in three has done so intentionally.

BRUSSELS, April 29 (Xinhua) -- As a 2004 European Union (EU) directive on herbal medicine is to be fully implemented on May 1, herbal medicinal products without a license will no longer be allowed in the EU market, the European Commission said in a press release Friday.The Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products Directive, adopted by the EU member states in 2004, introduced a so-called simplified registration procedure with a seven-year transition period for traditional herbal medicinal products to obtain a medicine license.As the transition period is to expire on Saturday, herbal medicinal products from home and abroad, most of which have been sold as food supplements for decades, need to be medically registered or authorized by EU governments in order to remain in the market after May 1.Instead of going through safety tests and clinical trials as regular chemical drugs, applicants are required by the directive to provide documents showing the herbal medicinal product is not harmful in the specified condition of use, as well as evidence that the product at least has a 30-year history of safe use, including 15 years in the EU.However, a wide range of eligibility and technical challenges along with prohibitive costs have so far prevented both local and outside herbal medicinal products from being granted the license.Only a small proportion of indigenous herbal medicinal products have been approved for registration while not a single Chinese or Indian traditional herbal medicinal products have been licensed.Lack of pan-European rules, EU member states had adopted different approaches to herbal medicine, thus creating a "state of anarchy" in the markets despite the fact that indigenous herbs had a 700-year history of use in Europe.Although the directive was intended to harmonize rules of member states and build a level-playing field across the EU, critics argued that the directive may fall short of the aim and create more chaos and uncertainties for the industry.DRAWBACKSThe directive has been under attack for being neither "adequate " nor "appropriate" due to its high registration cost for a single product and its lack of consideration about the Chinese and Indian traditional herbal medicine.Chris Dhaenens, a licensed herbalist in Belgium and a shareholder of a medium-sized herbal importing company doing business with China and ten European countries, said the directive was only appropriate for companies carrying a few products and who could afford the registration costs."It is simply inaccessible to most players distributing high- quality Chinese or Indian herbal products in Europe," he said, adding that the registration fee for a single product could be as high as 150,000 euros.The Alliance for Natural Health, a British-based group representing herbal practitioners, estimated the cost of obtaining a license at between 80,000 and 120,000 pounds (90,000 to 135,000 U.S. dollars) per herb.Dhaenens, who is also the president of the European Benefyt Foundation, a leading traditional medicine group in Europe, argued that the directive only tried to regulate herbal products instead of its practitioners and the whole herbal system, as well as fell short to take the Chinese and Indian traditional medicine into full consideration.Even the European Commission had admitted that the directive was not fit for the registration of Chinese and Indian medicine in an earlier exchange with the European Medicine Agency in Dec. 2008, Dhaenens revealed in an exclusive interview with Xinhua."But they had no money or time to work out an alternative, and so it was left to the member states," he said.

WASHINGTON, April 11 (Xinhua) -- Taking a statin before having major elective surgery reduces potentially serious kidney complications, according to a study appearing in an upcoming issue of the Journal of the American Society Nephrology.Each year, more than 230 million major elective surgeries are performed around the world. Unfortunately, many patients who undergo major operations develop kidney injury soon after surgery, often due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys and/or the effects of inflammation.Animal studies suggest that the cholesterol-lowering drugs called statins protect the kidneys from such damage, but whether a similar benefit occurs in humans is uncertain. To investigate, Amber Molnar, University of Western Ontario, and colleagues conducted a population-based retrospective study of all older patients who underwent major elective surgery in the province of Ontario, Canada from 1995 to 2008. Surgeries included cardiac, thoracic, vascular, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal procedures.A total of 213,347 patients from 211 hospitals underwent major elective surgery, and 4,020 patients (1.9 percent) developed postoperative kidney injury within two weeks of surgery. A total of 1,173 patients (0.5 percent) required dialysis within two weeks of surgery, and 5,974 patients (2.8 percent) died within a month of surgery.Prior to surgery, 67,941 patients (32 percent) were taking a statin. Patients taking a statin were 20 percent less likely to develop kidney injury, need dialysis, and die compared to patients who were not taking a statin. Also, there was evidence of a dose-effect, with patients on higher potency statins having less kidney injury. In addition, statins were beneficial whether they were started greater than 90 days or less than 30 days prior to surgery."Our study suggests that statin use in older persons results in less kidney injury following major elective surgery and reduces the risk of premature death after surgery," said Molnar, adding that the results warrant further investigation with more rigorous studies, but such trials will be difficult to carry out.