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NANJING, April 23 (Xinhua) -- At a time when almost every commodity in China is getting more expensive, the dwindling cost of medicine is a rarity.Zhang Jinkui, a hypertension patient, buys medicines from the community health center of his neighborhood in Changzhou, a city in east China's coastal Jiangsu Province.His prescription list includes Aspirin Enteric-coated tablets, down to 1.4 yuan from 4.7 yuan (0.7 U.S. dollars) per unit, and Fosinopril Sodium Tablets, down to 41.39 yuan from 51.6 yuan per unit.Both drugs are found on the essential drug list unveiled in 2009. The list names the 307 most common western and traditional Chinese medicines, which are heavily subsidized so hospitals can sell them at cost price.A consumer buys medicines with the help of a retailer at a pharmacy in Lianyungang, east China's Jiangsu Province, March 28, 2011.All essential medicines are listed by their generic names, and drug producers compete to supply essential medicines through public procurement.Due to a long history of low government funding for state-run hospitals, which often covers only 10 percent of the hospitals' operating costs, doctors have generated income for hospitals by aggressively prescribing expensive, and sometimes unnecessary, medicines and treatments.The essential medicine system and the reform of publicly funded hospitals, two pillars of China's health reform, are designed to address high medical costs and low accessibility of medical services.In April 2009, China kicked off health reforms aimed at correcting these long-standing problems facing China's health system and easing public grievances.Two years later, the essential medicine system has reduced drug prices, but still fails to please hospitals, patients and drug producers.The system requires government-funded grassroots health clinics, including urban community health centers and rural clinics, to prescribe only essential medicines and to sell these medicines at cost price, rather than with the previous 15 percent mark-up.Such policies have brought hard times to grassroots health clinics, especially in cash-strapped areas.Song Wenzhi, a public health professor at Peking University, said "Grassroots health clinics, without the expertise to perform operations and other treatments, rely heavily on selling drug," adding that these hospitals have found themselves scraping by due to the zero percent mark-up policy.Wang Zhiying, Vice Director of the People's Hospital of Anxiang County in the city of Changde, Hunan Province, said four grassroots hospitals in Changde tested the essential medicine system as pilot projects, but the zero percent mark-up policy took away 60 to 70 percent of the hospitals' revenue.Wang was quoted by "Health News," a newspaper run by China's Ministry of Health, as saying that, due to financial difficulties, the county government had not yet channeled the 8 million yuan (1.2 million U.S.dollars) in support funds into the hospitals' accounts, resulting in the resignations of many doctors.The essential medicine system covers 60 percent of government-funded grassroots hospitals and drug prices have fallen by an average of 30 percent, said Sun Zhigang, Director of the Health Reform Office under the State Council, or China's Cabinet.According to the health reform plan for 2011, the essential medicine system will cover all government-sponsored health institutions at the grassroots level by the end of the year and drugs will be sold there at a zero percent mark-up.Song Wenzhi said the key will be the commitment of local governments to health reform and their financial input. This way, essential medicines can benefit the public without bankrupting grassroots health institutions."That would be a great sum of money." said Song, citing his own studies. "There are roughly 5,000 government-funded hospitals in China. One third of them make profits, one third barely break even, and still one third rely heavily on government subsidies."To maintain the poorest hospitals, central and local level governments would need to invest 15 billion yuan (2.3 billion U.S. dollars) each year, according to Song's estimate.

LJUBLJANA, April 12 (Xinhua)-- Slovenian surgeons have successfully developed a new method of breast reconstruction for cancer patients, the Slovenian Press Agency (STA) reported on Tuesday.Surgeons in Ljubljana Central Hospital use a three-dimensional mould to form a new breast from the patient's abdominal fat, and then have the tissue implanted and fixated in the place of the removed breast.The mould making technique, developed by the Ljubljana Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, uses a laser to make an exact imprint of the healthy breast, which is then used to make a mirror-image three-dimensional mould for the reconstruction.That is the first in the world to help woman patients overcome embarrassment of losing their breast after mastectomy, according to the report.Speaking of the effect of the treatment, Uros Ahcan, head of plastic surgery ward in Ljubljana Central Hospital , said that the reconstructed breast is as symmetrical as possible with the healthy breast.The latest breast reconstruction method has an advantage over artificial implants, because a breast reconstructed from adipose tissue grows and shrinks in case of weight gain and weight loss. In addition, the tissue has the same temperature as the rest of the body, the STA quoted Ahcan as saying.The Ljubljana Central Hospital have done eight breast reconstruction operations for cancer patients, all of them were successful, with ten more planned in the coming weeks, the report added.Some 1,200 Slovenian women are reportedly diagnosed with breast cancer annually. About 70 percent of the patients hope to have breast reconstruction after mastectomy.

SAN FRANCISCO, March 30 (Xinhua) -- History records showed it was not often that large earthquakes caused immediate large volcano eruptions, a geophysicist told Xinhua on Wednesday while talking about whether the recent massive quake in Japan could trigger volcano eruptions.Inevitably, the shaking and changes in the state of stress in the crust could cause some changes in some of active volcanoes closest to the March 11 quake zone in Japan, said Dr. Jian Lin, senior scientist and geophysicist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in the United States.However, only if a particular volcano was already in a stage of magmatic inflation, a situation close to eruption, would the shaking make a major difference, he noted.Lin is currently visiting the U.S. Geological Survey's earthquake research center in Menlo Park, California to study the March 11 Japan earthquake.Compared with the cases that earthquake triggered volcano eruptions in the past, Lin said, most of active volcanoes in Japan are located somewhat farther away from the March 11 earthquake rupture zones. "The farther away, the less direct effect," he noted.Therefore, "the most important thing is to closely monitor all the active volcanoes in Japan," he said.There are only two well-documented cases of significant volcano eruptions that were apparently triggered by large earthquakes, he said.On Nov. 29, 1975, the Kilauea Volcano in the Hawaiian Islands had a small and short-lived eruption immediately after a magnitude- 7.2 quake hit the Big Island of Hawaii near the volcano, which was probably the best scientifically documented case so far of a volcano eruption triggered by a large earthquake.Records showed that the Kilauea Volvano was already in a stage of inflation before the quake. Meanwhile, the quake was right next to the volcano, which triggered the following eruption.Another case is 1960 Chile earthquake-volcano pair, in which a magnitude-9.5 earthquake, the largest ever recorded by instruments, could have triggered the Puyehue-Cordon Caulle Volcanic Complex ( PCCVC) into a violent eruption within 38 hours. The CCVC had been inactive for 25 years before the quake.Lin pointed out that like the Kilauea case, the earthquake rupture zone in the Chilean quake was again quite close to the volcanic group. However, little scientific monitoring data had been got for the PCCVC before its eruption as it is in a remote area in Chile.In recent years, scientists have observed that large earthquakes from long distance could trigger swarms of small earthquakes in active hydrothermal systems of volcanic regions, he said, noting that "these small earthquake swarms like these are not the same as volcano eruption."Lin added that the relationship between large volcano eruption and large earthquakes is still a poorly studied subject since scientific record is very short and many of large eruptions in the geological history were poorly documented."Therefore, we still know quite little about this subject," he said.

LOS ANGELES, April 7 (Xinhua) -- Unrecycled energy-efficient bulbs release tons of mercury into the environment every year, raising an environmental concern, it was reported on Thursday.Demand for the energy-efficient lights -- the compact fluorescent light bulb (CFL) -- is growing as government mandates for energy-efficient lighting take effect, yet only about two percent of residential consumers and one-third of businesses recycle the new bulbs, the Los Angeles Times said, quoting the Association of Lighting and Mercury Recyclers (ALMR).Each CFL contains up to five milligrams of mercury, a potent neurotoxin that's on the worst-offending list of environmental contaminants, the report said.As a result, U.S. landfills are releasing more than four tons of mercury annually into the atmosphere and storm water runoff, the Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association said in a study published by the paper.The federal Clean Energy Act of 2007 established energy- efficiency standards for light bulbs that dimmed the future for old-fashioned incandescents, which don't meet those standards. Incandescents are to be phased out by 2014 in the U.S., and California passed even stricter rules, calling for store shelves to be cleared of them by 2013.The old-style bulbs are just too wasteful, converting to light only 10 percent of the energy they consume. The rest is squandered as heat.Sales of energy-efficient alternatives like CFLs, halogen bulbs and LEDs have been growing steadily, with the low-cost CFLs the biggest sellers, according to the paper.If every California household replaced five incandescent bulbs with CFLs, the move would save 6.18 billion kilowatt-hours and prevent the annual release of 2.26 million tons of heat-trapping carbon dioxide, according to the California Energy Commission. That 's equivalent to taking 414,000 cars off the road.But no federal law mandates recycling of household fluorescent lights. Federal rules exempt some businesses, based in part on the number of bulbs used, said Paul Abernathy, executive director of the ALMR, which is based in Napa, Calif.Several states, including California, Massachusetts, Maine, Vermont and Minnesota, do require that all households and businesses recycle fluorescents, the paper said.But the ALMR said compliance is low because of a lack of convenient drop-off options.

SAN FRANCISCO, March 29 (Xinhua) -- Amazon.com Inc. on Tuesday announced the launch of an on-line music storage service,which enables users to store digital music in the cloud and access it from computers and devices running Google's Android operating system.The new service, called "Cloud Drive," offered customers five gigabytes of free storage on Amazon Web servers for all kinds of digital files, including music, photos, videos and documents. For paid plans, users can purchase storage space starting at 20 U.S. dollars a year for 20 gigabytes.The on-line retailer also launched "Cloud Player for Web" and " Cloud Player for Android." The former allows users to get the media files they stored on Amazon's servers from a Web browser on a Mac or PC. The latter lets users play music they have uploaded on Cloud Drive, computers or a smartphone that runs Android operating system.Analysts said Amazon is stepping up its rivalries with Apple and Google. Both companies are also working on similar services, allowing users to store their music on-line and access it from any compatible device.Media reports said that Apple was pushing hard to launch a digital music locker service in April. Google was also reported to be testing its own digital locker service but it still needs to make agreements with major music labels.