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SANTA ANA (CNS) - A man accused of setting the Holy Fire that burned 23,000 acres in Orange and Riverside counties, forcing thousands of people from their homes, pleaded not guilty Wednesday to arson and other charges. Forrest Gordon Clark, 51, whose criminal case was briefly suspended in August when his courtroom outbursts led a judge to declare a doubt about his mental competency, is due back in court Dec. 20 for a pretrial hearing. He remains jailed in lieu of million bail.Clark's attorney, Nicole Parness of the Orange County Public Defender's Office, argued that Clark's million bail should be reduced because an arson investigator with the Orange County Fire Authority has theorized that another person might be responsible for setting the blaze.She told reporters the investigator cited Michael Milligan, the fire chief of the volunteer Holy Jim Fire Department and a Clark neighbor, as a potential suspect. Parness told City News Service the analysis was ``very well thought out and logical'' and believes prosecutors ignored the suggestion to keep pursuing Clark as the main suspect.Milligan denied the allegation and told CNS he has fully cooperated with investigators and invited them into his home ``to tear it apart, do what you have to do'' so they can rule him out as a suspect. He said he has met investigators three times and turned over his phone, a GPS device and an iPad to authorities. He said he has offered to submit DNA and fingerprints as well.He conceded he was in the area when the fire erupted, saying he was about a mile away from Clark's cabin at the time.``There were four people in the canyon, and two people were above the fire and couldn't get back in and had to be rescued by helicopter,'' Milligan said.He said he understands law enforcement must investigate everyone who was in the vicinity of the fire's origin.In court, Parness asked Orange County Superior Court Judge Nancy Zeltzer to read the police report and argued that Clark's mental competency should justify a lowering of his bail.Zeltzer, however, kept bail at million, but noted that if further facts emerge about the case warranting reduced bail, Parness could make her request again.Deputy District Attorney Jake Jondle said the investigator's report mentioning Milligan is just an ``alternative theory,'' but there is ``no credible evidence'' to lead prosecutors to consider it seriously.Prosecutors are ``confident'' Clark is the right suspect, he said.Clark has been the focus of investigators because of a ``combination of things,'' such as text messages he sent to neighbors as well as ``threats made'' to others, Jondle said.Clark could face 10 years to life in prison if convicted of aggravated arson damaging at least five inhabited structures, arson of inhabited property, arson of forest and making criminal threats, all felonies, as well as two felony counts of resisting arrest.In August, Orange County Superior Court Judge Kimberly Menninger ordered Clark to undergo a mental evaluation, saying she questioned his competency to assist in his defense. But on Nov. 28, Judge Michael Murray ruled that Clark was competent, and criminal proceedings were restarted.Initially, a defense expert concluded Clark was mentally incompetent, but a prosecution expert ruled otherwise, prompting Murray to appoint a ``tie-breaker'' expert, who concluded Clark was capable of assisting his attorneys in his defense.Parness has been pressing prosecutors to turn over more evidence in the case. She said she has been pushing to obtain text messages allegedly sent by Clark to neighbors, as well as surveillance video footage.On Aug. 6, the day the Holy Fire erupted, Clark allegedly threatened to kill a neighbor about 7:30 a.m., prosecutors said in a previous motion to deny him bail.As the neighbor walked to his truck, Clark allegedly told him that he ``(expletive) with the wrong person,'' according to the motion. ``The defendant stated that he was `crazy' and noted it was `perfect' because he could do anything he wants and get away with it.''Later that day, he allegedly set fire to his neighbor's residence in Holy Jim Canyon. The Holy Fire ultimately also destroyed 13 other residences.Orange County sheriff's investigator Jennifer Hernandez said in an affidavit supporting the motion to deny bail that Clark ``could be heard on video telling (a victim), `Mark my words, you're gonna die at 12:37... I have 100 percent plausible deniability. You're gonna die. I'm gonna murder you.'''Clark allegedly made at least five ``specific threats'' and ``allusions'' to setting fires, according to Hernandez, who said the defendant ``appears to believe in the Sovereign Citizen ideology.''The ideology's supporters ``believe the government does not have the authority to enforce a majority of our laws and taxes,'' Hernandez wrote, adding that not everyone who subscribes to the theory is violent, but law enforcement recognizes it as a ``terrorism threat.''Orange County sheriff's deputies have had multiple encounters with Clark dating back to 2006, according to Carrie Braun, a spokeswoman for the department.Parness said her client is ``doing better'' since prior court appearances when he was prone to verbal outbursts.``He understands what's going on and I think he's doing OK'' now, Parness said.``He's a very nice man, a gentle soul,'' Parness said. ``He's so polite to me.'' 5403

Scientists, doctors and the public are eagerly waiting to hear how effective a COVID-19 vaccine will be and how soon it could be available to everyone. But when the vaccine is ready, some will be racing to be first in line, while others will be cautiously waiting to see how it plays out."Only about half of people get a flu vaccination polls are showing. In terms of the coronavirus, that’s saying that a third to maybe as much as half of the population will not want to get a vaccine," said Arthur Evans, the CEO of the American Psychological Association.Evans is concerned about whether people will be willing to get the COVID-19 vaccine when it comes out. How people are educated about the upcoming vaccine will be crucial."Right now, I think there are a lot of people who want to take a vaccine and to get a vaccine, but if people feel that this has been rushed, that they don’t feel all of the normal safety measures have been taken, it's going to be much harder for people to take that step," explained Evans.Dr. Bali Pulendran, a pathology, microbiology and immunology professor at Stanford University, says just because a COVID-19 vaccine is being expedited doesn't mean it's any less safe."It's a very established, lengthy process. It’s expedited now because of certain technologies such as the mRNA technology that really helps you accelerate this process," said Dr. Pulendran.He says the creation of a vaccine is rigorously tested, first with mice, then primates, and finally, humans. Tens of thousands of people are currently choosing to participate in COVID-19 vaccine trials."And so, this is a development and paradigm that has served vaccinology really well. It's really served it well in terms of enabling the licensure of some 20 or more vaccines," said Dr. Pulendran.Dr. Pulendran says every year, the flu vaccine varies in efficacy. For a good year, it could be 90 percent protective, while the next year, the flu shot may only be 10 percent effective. The COVID-19 vaccine is expected to be 60 percent effective."I think for me, personally, if I saw a vaccine coming out in the next year or so that had a 60 to 70 percent efficacy, that to me would be very encouraging," said Dr. Pulendran.The public, though, may still need some convincing."One of the hardest things for the general public to embrace is the idea of probability. We like to know definitively if something works or not,” said Evans. “The reality is that a vaccine is a probabilistic issue. It's highly likely that you won’t contract, whatever the condition is, but it’s not 100 percent."Evans says the key will be in how the vaccine is marketed to the American public.Dr. Pulendran hopes any positive data and outcomes of the COVID-19 vaccine trial will encourage as many people as possible to get the vaccine when it comes out. 2823

Science is on the cusp of a successful vaccine for COVID-19."This is exciting. We are seeing science expedited but expedited in an efficient manner," said Johns Hopkins lung doctor Panagis Galiatsatos.But how fast this all happened has caused concern. Galiatsatos understands the worry. He said usually vaccinations can take 10 years, but in this case, there's no reason to worry."We’re not shortchanging anything. We are being very diligent about the safety of this vaccine," said Galiatsatos.He said the amount of time and resources poured into these vaccines are unlike anything pre-COVID-19 and scientists were also able to draw from different coronavirus vaccinations from the last 20 years."The lessons learned there have allowed us to kind of skip multiple chapters ahead in the vaccine-making textbook, where we can feel confident to push forward multiple vaccinations right now," said Galiatsatos. "We’re the ones that cause vaccines to be developed slowly because we have to hire people. We have to find funding. We’ve been able to overcome that so that natural barriers of learning this virus, we’ve done already with its prior predecessors. The human barriers, we are overcoming that because a lot of the science community is coming together like we are all in this together. We gotta have a vaccine."Two vaccines are in the last phase of trials in Maryland right now. One is a first-of-its-kind RNA vaccine."It takes a fat deposit, this lipid nano molecule, and inside it has genetic material that when it gets into a human being, that genetic material gets into our cells and reproduces some of the proteins into our body that our immune system can identify and make a memory for," said Galiatsatos.The second is a more common vaccine, injecting a weakened virus to create an immune response.Galiatsatos said they still need to recruit 30,000 patients for these trials and then monitor them for 3-6 months before they can see if they are successful. They are looking for 4 things: if it’s effective with 1 to 2 shots; if it can help the targeted population; if it can cause antibodies to be made and if it can stop viral transmission to cause herd immunity."The best-case scenario is in a year from now we can talk about did it work, so we are in the late summer 2021. Then we can talk about making it publicly available," said Galiatsatos.So he said for the next year, acting based on what we know about COVID-19 is extremely important."To me, this is just a test of humanity. We’re better. We can all rise to the occasion and overcome this with the simple facts of knowing how this virus spreads and adapting ourselves to mitigate the spread of the virus," said Galiatsatos. We know how it spreads, through the air. We know to get infected you have to be in close proximity to someone or touch surfaces and bring them to your face."That means continuing to social distance, wear masks, and wash your hands. And as we approach fall, preparing for a potential double hit with the flu."If patients are battling for influenza and coronavirus, you're taxing your immune system preparedness," said Galiatsatos.Galiatsatos recommends getting the flu shot and asking your doctor if you're a candidate for the pneumonia vaccine.Galiatsatos and his organization Medicine for the Greater Good are partnering with City Councilman Leon Pinkett to hold a virtual town hall Wednesday at 2 p.m. to go over more of this information and encourage people to sign up for the vaccine trials. That town hall will be live on Facebook.Abby Isaacs first reported this story for WMAR in Baltimore, Maryland. 3605

School choice can mean a lot of things, and for some parents, it means homeschooling.Elizabeth Bell, who lives in Fairfax County, Virginia, made the decision to homeschool her five children—ages 12, 9, 6, 4 and 2."We have a syllabus,” explains Bell. “It's like, day by day, check it off."Bell says she made the decision to homeschool her children after giving public school a try."One complaint of Zacharies, when he was at school this year, was 'Mom, I can only eat two times a day?” Bell jokes. “That was really hard for him.”Other factors that went into Bell’s decision were cost, control, safety, and individualized care. The most important? Freedom."Homeschooling is so flexible that you don't have to do it during the hours of 9 and 3,” explains Bell. 770

Scientists are warning that a domino effect will kick in if global temperatures rise more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, leading to "hothouse" conditions and higher sea levels, making some areas on Earth uninhabitable.The report, "Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene," published Monday in the American Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, said "hothouse" temperatures could stabilize 4 degrees to 5 degrees Celsius (39 to 41 Fahrenheit) higher than pre-industrial levels."Human emissions of greenhouse gas are not the sole determinant of temperature on Earth. Our study suggests that human-induced global warming of 2 degrees Celsius may trigger other Earth system processes, often called 'feedbacks,' that can drive further warming -- even if we stop emitting greenhouse gases," lead author Will Steffen of the Australian National University said. 911