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Last year's seasonal flu vaccine effectiveness was just 42%, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated. Even if vaccinated, then, people had inadequate protection against the flu.This limited effectiveness was due to a mutation that occurred in the influenza A (H3N2) vaccine strain, according to a new study published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. This vaccine mutation resulted from an egg-based manufacturing process commonly used today.This year's flu vaccine may also be imperfect, said Scott Hensley, author of the new study and an associate professor at the University of Pennsylvania. Add to that, he said, "this could end up being a pretty bad flu season."Still, he said, "our best protection" against severe illness is getting vaccinated with the flu shot we have today.Finding answersEach year before flu season begins, a vaccine is made based on whichever virus strains are expected to circulate. The selected seed strains are distributed to vaccine manufacturers which then produce their formulations and make them available to health care professionals before the season begins.During the 2015-16 season, vaccine effectiveness was 47%, while for the previous 2014-15 season, effectiveness was just 19%, according to the CDC. While the overall effectiveness of last season's vaccine was 42%, it was only 34% effective against the H3N2 viruses that dominated the season.Vaccine effectiveness varies based on how well it matches the circulating virus strains. Sometimes, a vaccine corresponds to the predominant virus yet its effectiveness is still not what scientists would expect. Trying to understand which element of the vaccine failed is difficult.Hensley and his team began their investigation of last year's vaccine by looking at the seed strains that had been distributed to vaccine manufacturers. These seed strains had been propagated in chicken eggs, the common method used today."The sequences of these viruses are available and when we did an alignment to see what the sequence of these vaccines were compared to the viruses that were circulating, it became very obvious that there was this mutation," said Hensley.To see the effects of the mutation, the team next looked at how the immune systems of both animals and humans who'd been inoculated with an egg-based flu vaccine responded to the actual circulating viruses.The antibodies -- immune system proteins that fight invading pathogens -- elicited in both animals and humans failed to bind to and neutralize the flu viruses, Hensley and his colleagues found.While most vaccines in the United States are made in chicken eggs, a small fraction are produced in insects or mammalian cells, Hensley explained. (These are given to people with egg allergies.) He and his team compared immune responses in animals and humans who had received a cell-based vaccine -- in this case, Flublok made by Protein Sciences Corporation."And we found both animals and humans receiving that (cell-based) vaccine had superior antibody responses that could bind and neutralize these circulating H3N2 strains," said Hensley.Making a better vaccine"Most of the infrastructure to produce vaccines in the US is based on chicken eggs," said Hensley. There are good reasons for this, including the fact that egg-based propagation allows manufacturers to quickly produce large quantities of vaccine.While egg adaptations have always been a problem, beginning last year it had become a "huge problem," said Hensley. "As soon as you try to grow this virus in eggs, within a few hours, the virus will acquire this kind of mutation."This is not an easy problem to fix, he said. To produce vaccines in cells means "a very expensive process for companies to just change their overall manufacturing process," Hensley explained. "You can't really do that on the drop of a dime."Meanwhile, the same seed strains used last year are being used this year to make the current vaccine, said Hensley."This year may be especially difficult because, in addition to this egg adaptive mutation which was present last year, there's indication that the H3N2 viruses are actually evolving," said Hensley.Not only will the vaccine be a mismatch with the actual circulating viruses due to egg adaptation but the vaccine could also be a mismatch due to unexpected viral evolution.What kind of flu season is ahead?It's too early to speculate which viruses will become dominant in the United States over the course of the coming flu season, said Hensley, "but it's starting to look like it will be H3 viruses." H3 viruses are influenza A viruses."There are the A group of viruses and the B groups," said Dr. William Schaffner, an infectious disease specialist at Vanderbilt University. "The A groups are the ones that usually are responsible for large epidemics ... whereas the B flu strains usually smolder along. They always cause illness -- it can be just as severe as the A strains -- but they don't produce large outbreaks."Though last year's vaccine was mostly ineffective in thwarting the flu, it still prevented nearly 30% of hospitalizations that might have resulted, according to CDC calculations. For older adults, that rate was even higher, at 37%. Plus, the vaccine reduced outpatient visits by 42% last season.The CDC advises everyone 6 months and older to get a flu shot, as only injectable flu vaccines are recommended. More than 130 million doses of flu vaccine have been distributed so far this year and flu activity is still low across the nation.It's still early days, but experts believe we may be facing a tough season, and not only because of vaccine concerns.The reason?Australia had a tough flu season this year, with a total of 215,280 laboratory-confirmed cases and 504 flu-associated deaths reported to its National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System as of October 13, government data show. According to a surveillance system report, adults over the age of 80 and children between 5 and 9 years old have been most affected."In general, we get in our season what the Southern Hemisphere got in the season immediately preceding us," Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the United States' National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said in an interview last month.An "intelligent guess," therefore, is that the Northern Hemisphere, like the Southern Hemisphere, will likely battle more cases of the viral infection, he said, though "with influenza, it is never 100%.""If H3N2 viruses dominate the US flu season again this year, vaccine effectiveness will likely be moderate to low again," said Hensley.Still, he said, everyone should get their annual flu shot."The other components of the vaccine, like H1N1 and influenza B, will likely provide excellent protection," said Hensley. "The vaccine will also likely prevent severe disease and death caused by H3N2 viruses, even though this component of the vaccine is mismatched."  6969

LAKELAND, Fla. -- A 90-year-old Florida man who dressed in full protective gear to say goodbye to his wife, has died of COVID-19.In a Facebook post, Sam Reck's son-in-law shared the news that Sam has died.JoAnn Reck, Sam's wife of 30 years, died a few weeks earlier after battling COVID-19. She was 86 years old and Sam was 90.Sam Reck had been separated from his wife JoAnn Reck during the pandemic after the state placed a ban on visitors at nursing homes. JoAnn lived in a nursing home and suffered from dementia, and Sam lived in an apartment nearby.Family members said the couple would schedule socially-distant visits once Sam couldn't visit the home any more. JoAnn would visit a garden below Sam's apartment window and the two would talk.Sam told family members he never regretted his decision to say goodbye to JoAnn and hold her hand one last time.This story originally reported by KJ Hiramoto on abcactionnews.com. 933

LA JOLLA, Calif. (KGTV) - Scientists at Stemson Therapeutics say they've found a way to create new hair cells that could become a cure for baldness."We're hoping this will be the breakthrough," says Chief Scientific Officer Alexey Terskikh.For a few years, they've been working on a two-part process that turns stem cells into hair follicles. It then implants the follicle cells into the scalp to grow new hair."We have the capability to generate brand new hair follicles," says Stemson CEO Geoff Hamilton.Using iPSC's, stem cells derived from a person's blood or existing cells, Terskikh's team can direct them to become folliculogenic cells, the building blocks of hair.They then put the cells into a microscopic scaffold-like mold made on a 3D printer. The molds are about 1/5 the size of a single strand of hair.RELATED: Here are some options if you start going baldThe scaffolds help keep the cells intact, while also telling the hair which direction to grow. That will help avoid in-grown hair or hair that grows in unnatural ways."Imagine transplanting thousands, or tens of thousands of those into a scalp," says Hamilton.Their technique is different from current hair restoration therapy because it grows new hair cells. Existing methods like Rogaine or Propecia try to revive dead cells or transplant existing cells from one area of the body to another."We're inventing as we go," says Hamilton. "We're making up the path ahead of us as we go."Eventually, they say the cost of the new cells will be similar to the cost of hair transplant surgery now, which can run upwards of ,000.In addition to being a cosmetic solution for people who have gone bald naturally, Hamilton says this could help people who have lost hair due to chemotherapy treatment or from severe burns or injuries.So far, testing has proven successful in mice. Human testing is still years away as the company works towards FDA approval.Stemson's lab is part of the Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute. 2007

LAS VEGAS — Right now, many recent high school graduates are facing a tough question — is it worth it to take on tens of thousands of dollars in debt to attend college during a pandemic?The irony of building credit is that it requires taking on debt — and no one wants to take on debt, especially during the pandemic. But according to one credit expert, there are some simple financial moves that parents can make right now to set up their kids for future financial success.Building credit isn't priority number one for kids, but it could open or close a lot of doors down the road."Good credit can make things easier for you in the future, whether it's securing loans, credit cards with better terms and rates. It might even help your ability to land a job or a desirable apartment," said Nathan Grant, a senior credit industry analyst at CreditCardInsider.com.Grant says that even though kids can't open their own bank account until their 18, parents can start teaching kids about credit long before that, perhaps with a prepaid card."Many of those allow for monthly direct deposits. So, you could have their allowance loaded directly on their card, and that could, at an early age, give them a way to understand budgeting and using a card that has a limit on it to teach them better spending habits," Grant said.Then, as children approach adulthood, Grant says that parents should consider making them an authorized user on a family credit card. Even if parents are not ready to let kids make purchases and payments on the card, Grant says just making them an authorized user will help them build credit."Many credit card issuers offer this, and most issuers report the account's activity in the authorized user's name, whether or not they are actually using the account. So, you can add them as a user and not give them access. It will hopefully build their credit up right out of the gate," Grant said.When kids are ready for their own cards, parents shouldn't just pick the shiniest piece of plastic. Grant says a secured credit card could be a safer option for someone with little or no credit."It uses a refundable security deposit that you fund yourself to fund the account's credit limit, upon approval," Grant said. "So, there's less risk on the issuer's part. So, for somebody who is new to credit or doesn't have any credit history, that could get your foot in the door.Grant said he couldn't offer advice either way on whether grads should pay for college with credit. But he said that anyone that decides to take a "gap year" should try to pay off any existing debts and save for the future.For those that do decide to go attend college, Grant has some general advice."The best rule of thumb, on top of just general responsible use, is just try not to use your credit card for purchases you know you won't be able to pay off before that monthly due date," he said. "Not spending beyond your means, that's going to be more valuable in your college years than ever."For more ways to boost your credit score, click here.This story was originally published by Ross DiMattei on KTNV in Las Vegas. 3114

LAS VEGAS — Internet juggernaut Amazon is flourishing during the COVID-19 pandemic as people turn to online shopping for supplies. But, Nevada authorities are investigating the company after insiders say employees are getting sick and management is slow with revealing details.In a massive, 2.4 million square foot facility near Sloan and Tropical Parkway in Las Vegas, hundreds of Amazon employees file in and help the behemoth internet company deliver everything from above ground swimming pools to toothbrushes.In a public relations videoes, Amazon has touted the steps the company is taking to combat the spread of COVID-19. The precautions include employee temperature checks, mandatory mask-wearing, routine building cleaning, and social distancing for employees.But several Amazon employees are speaking out about their safety."Some people aren't even following [those precautions], and furthermore, in the break room, there's a lot of people, and it's hard for us not to come into contact with each other because we are right next to each other," said one insider who spoke on a condition of anonymity.The same insider fears retaliation for revealing details.She believes the company, which brought in about 0 billion in 2019, has been slow to reveal new cases of COVID-19 among Amazon employees."We were concerned already because we are in a warehouse, and there are so many people and we don't know where [the new cases] are coming from or who has [COVID-19]," she said.The trouble started in March when word began to spread among employees of possible illness. At the time, the company allowed for unlimited, unpaid time off for employees.The insider says management otherwise downplayed the presence of the illness among employees."Pretty much don't worry about it, and they told us it wasn't in our warehouse, it was in another, and it's all just a rumor," she said.But as weeks went by, the company acknowledged cases among employees.An Amazon spokesperson confirmed a case at a "North Las Vegas facility" on April 24.The company operates several large warehouses scattered around Southern Nevada, and insiders say concerns spread even more among employees about the exact location of the confirmed case.In fact, an internal email revealed that the company's public relations team deemed local news reports about the situation as "inaccurate," adding the positive case was at a facility internally dubbed "LAS 2" and at the time, no reported cases at the facility named "LAS 7."The email instructed employees to disregard news stories, and management would "hopefully report new cases before it hits the news.""When we had the second confirmed case, there was one person in management — I'm not sure of his position — but they had made a comment that, 'Well, by now you all should be immune to it. If you've been exposed to it, so you have nothing to worry about," the Amazon insider said.The situation went downhill, according to the Amazon insider.In an internal communication sent on May 5, Amazon revealed that an employee at the "LAS 7" facility had tested positive for COVID-19 on April 30. The email said that the employee was present at the facility for several weeks prior to testing positive.The company told employees the facility had been "deep cleaned" in accordance with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines."It's hard to say you are sanitizing the place, which is not sanitized, by using it every day, the whole time we're there," the Amazon insider said. "Close it down for two days since you hired so many people or allow those who are sick not to feel threatened with their jobs if they need to take off."The insider says the company eliminated the unlimited time off for employees despite a rise in the number of reported cases among Amazon employees.Internal communications later revealed new reported cases at the LAS 7 facility on:May 11May 13May 15May 18May 22June 1June 5June 10June 15June 24July 15 (multiple individuals)July 18 (multiple individuals)July 21 (multiple individuals)The email to employees indicated the company was unable to reveal who had tested positive, citing privacy concerns."We work very hard for these people," the Amazon insider said. "We go above and beyond, and some people I see, they work many, many, many hours just to help those in our community."In response to a request for comment, Amazon's public relations representatives released generic statements that did not include specific locations or confirmed cases."We are supporting the individuals who are recovering. Our top concern is ensuring the health and safety of our employees, and we invested approximately billion from April to June on COVID-related initiatives to get products to customers and keep employees safe," Lisa Guinn, an Amazon spokesperson, said. "This includes spending more than 0 million in the first half of the year on COVID-19 safety measures, with investments in personal protective equipment, enhanced cleaning of our facilities, less efficient process paths that better allow for effective social distancing, higher wages for hourly teams, and developing our own COVID-19 testing capabilities."Authorities with the Nevada Occupational Safety and Health Administration have revealed that there are multiple, active investigations into local Amazon warehouses. There are two active investigations at the "LAS 7" warehouse, nine active investigations at the "LAS 2" warehouse, and additional complaints at other facilities in the Las Vegas valley.State authorities could not reveal details about the cases citing the ongoing nature of the investigations.This story was originally published by Joe Bartels on KTNV in Las Vegas. 5717