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WASHINGTON (AP) — The Trump administration has laid down rules aimed at preventing residents in high-tax states from avoiding a new cap on widely popular state and local tax deductions. The action over the new Republican tax law pits the government against high-tax, heavily Democratic states in an election-year showdown.The Treasury Department's rules released Thursday target moves by states like New York, New Jersey and California — where residents could see substantial increases in their federal tax bills next spring because of the ,000 cap on state and local deductions. Experts say the issue likely will have to be resolved by the federal courts.Four states — Connecticut, Maryland, New Jersey and New York — already have sued the federal government over the deduction cap, asserting it's aimed at hurting a group of Democratic states and tramples on their constitutional budget-making authority.A dozen states have taken or are considering measures to get around the cap. Most of the workarounds take advantage of federal deductions for charitable contributions — which aren't capped — in place of the old deductions for paying state and local income taxes. So people's state and local taxes exceeding ,000, which can't be deducted, are turned into deductible charitable donations.The new rules' "dollar-for-dollar" limit also applies to many other states that already have charitable funds offering tax breaks, senior Treasury officials said. Those states include solidly Republican ones and others with relatively low taxes. In those programs, donors to schools, hospitals or land conservation programs can get their state taxes reduced in return — plus a charitable deduction on their federal tax returns.The limit means taxpayers only can deduct as a charitable contribution the portion of their donation for which they don't also get a state tax credit.But some experts said the Treasury rules seem to be designed to protect those existing charitable programs in some states. An exception to the "dollar-for-dollar" requirement "plainly appears to be designed to protect certain ... pre-existing state regimes," said Daniel Rosen, a tax lawyer at Baker McKenzie who is a former IRS official.Treasury said it expects that only about 1 percent of all U.S. taxpayers would see a reduction of their tax credits for donations to private-school voucher fund. Several states — Alabama, Arizona, Georgia, Montana and South Carolina — allow taxpayers who donate to private-school funds to get a 100 percent credit against their state taxes, according to data compiled by the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy.___HOW DO THE LIMITS WORK UNDER THE NEW RULES?Dollar-for-dollar: When a taxpayer receives a benefit in return for donating to charity, the taxpayer should only be able to deduct the net value of the donation as a charitable contribution, Treasury says.An example: You donate ,000 to a charity in a state that offers a 70 percent tax credit, so 0 in this case. You would only be able to claim a 0 charitable deduction on your federal return.There is an exception. If the state tax credits don't exceed 15 percent of the amount donated, so up to a 0 state tax credit on a ,000 donation, the taxpayer could claim the full amount as a charitable deduction.___WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?Taxpayers could have less incentive to donate without getting a deduction or having the deduction reduced.All states rely on property and income taxes to fund an array of services such as education, health care and public safety. Advocates for restoring the full state and local deductions say that the reduced property tax deduction brings a decrease in the value of taxpayers' homes, possibly spurring residents of high-tax states to move elsewhere and crimping funding for local programs.___WHAT'S HAPPENING IN THE HIGH-TAX STATES?Measures designed to work around the ,000 cap have been adopted in Connecticut, New Jersey, New York and Oregon, and introduced or explored publicly by officials in California, Illinois, Maryland, Nebraska, Rhode Island, Virginia, Washington and the District of Columbia.New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo, a Democrat, has called the state-local deduction cap an "assault" on New York by Trump and Republican lawmakers in Washington.In some key "blue" states:—Connecticut has a new law establishing a state charitable fund; donors can get tax credits in exchange for giving.—In New Jersey, where high local property taxes are the major issue, the state is allowing local schools and governments to use the charitable workaround. But so far, no towns have notified authorities that they've set up funds to receive contributions — because state regulators haven't issued the necessary rules, experts say.—New York is offering three options: One like Connecticut's, one like New Jersey's and another to let employers pay payroll taxes for employees, who would receive credits to cancel out the income taxes they would have paid otherwise.—In Maryland, about 500,000 residents — over 18 percent of state taxpayers — will together lose .5 billion in state and local deductions, according to state estimates.___Mulvihill reported from Cherry Hill, New Jersey. Associated Press writer Michael Catalini in Trenton, New Jersey, contributed to this report. 5305

WASHINGTON (AP) — The Trump administration says people would drive more and be exposed to increased risk if their cars get better gas mileage, an argument intended to justify freezing Obama-era toughening of fuel standards.Transportation experts dispute the arguments, contained in a draft of the administration's proposals prepared this summer, excerpts of which were obtained by The Associated Press.The excerpts also show the administration plans to challenge California's long-standing authority to enact its own, tougher pollution and fuel standards.Revisions to the mileage requirements for 2021 through 2026 are still being worked on, the administration says, and changes could be made before the proposal is released as soon as this week.RELATED: California sues over plan to scrap car emission standardsThe Trump administration gave notice earlier this year that it would roll back tough new fuel standards put into place in the waning days of the Obama administration. Anticipating the new regulation, California and 16 other states sued the Trump administration in May.Overall, "improvements over time have better longer-term effects simply by not alienating consumers, as compared to great leaps forward" in fuel efficiency and other technology, the administration argues. It contends that freezing the mileage requirements at 2020 levels would save up to 1,000 lives per year.New vehicles would be cheaper — and heavier — if they don't have to meet more stringent fuel requirements and more people would buy them, the draft says, and that would put more drivers in safer, newer vehicles that pollute less.RELATED: EPA moves to weaken Obama-era fuel efficiency standardsAt the same time, the draft says that people will drive less if their vehicles get fewer miles per gallon, lowering the risk of crashes.David Zuby, chief research officer at the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, said he's doubtful about the administration's estimate of lives saved because other factors could affect traffic deaths, such as automakers agreeing to make automatic emergency braking standard on all models before 2022. "They're making assumptions about stuff that may or may not be the same," he said.Experts say the logic that heavier vehicles are safer doesn't hold up because lighter, newer vehicles perform as well or better than older, heavier versions in crash tests, and because the weight difference between the Obama and Trump requirements would be minimal.RELATED: President Trump, California clash over key issues"Allow me to be skeptical," said Giorgio Rizzoni, an engineering professor and director of the Center for Automotive Research at Ohio State University. "To say that safety is a direct result of somehow freezing the fuel economy mandate for a few years, I think that's a stretch."Experts say that a heavier, bigger vehicle would incur less damage in a crash with a smaller, lighter one and that fatality rates also are higher for smaller vehicles. But they also say that lighter vehicles with metals such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium and lighter, high-strength steel alloys perform as well or better than their predecessors in crash tests.Alan Taub, professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Michigan, said he would choose a 2017 Malibu over a heavier one from 20 years earlier. It's engineered better, has more features to avoid crashes and additional air bags, among other things. "You want to be in the newer vehicle," he said.RELATED: Nearly every governor with ocean coastline opposes Trump's drilling proposalAn April draft from the Trump administration said freezing the requirements at 2020 levels would save people ,900 per new vehicle. But the later draft raises that to ,100 and even as high as ,700 by 2025.Environmental groups questioned the justification for freezing the standards. Luke Tonachel, director of the clean-vehicle program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, said the risk from people driving more due to higher mileage is "tiny and maybe even negligible."Under the Trump administration proposal, the fleet of new vehicles would have to average roughly 30 mpg in real-world driving, and that wouldn't change through 2026.California has had the authority under the half-century-old Clean Air Act to set its own mileage under a special rule allowing the state to curb its chronic smog problem. More than a dozen states follow California's standards, amounting to about 40 percent of the country's new-vehicle market.Asked if he thinks a freeze in U.S. mileage standards is warranted, EPA acting administrator Andrew Wheeler told a small group of reporters at EPA headquarters last week, "I think we need to go where the technology takes us" on fuel standards.Wheeler did not elaborate. Agency spokespeople did not respond when asked specifically if the EPA acting chief was making the case that modern cars could be both fuel efficient and safe.Wheeler also spoke out for what he called "a 50-state solution" that would keep the U.S car and truck market from splitting between two different mileage standards.The Department of Transportation said in a statement that the final fuel economy standards would be based on sound science. The department cautioned that a draft doesn't capture the whole picture of the proposed regulation.The draft said a 2012 analysis of fuel economy standards under the Obama administration deliberately limited the amount of mass reduction necessary under the standards. This was done "in order to avoid the appearance of adverse safety effects," the draft stated.___Krisher reported from Detroit. 5642

WASHINGTON, D.C. — After millions upon millions of Americans cast their ballots on Election Day, the final vote for president – the one that really counts – comes down to 538 people who make up the Electoral College.Marla Blunt-Carter is one of them.“That thought of our ancestor who couldn't even write his name signing his voter registration card, at a time where really their vote didn't count, to being someone that is now voting in this electoral process,” she said. “It's indescribable.”Blunt-Carter is one of the three electors from Delaware. All three of them are Democrats because President-elect Joe Biden won his home state.“To be one of three that represents the Delaware voter that calls him their own is just huge,” Blunt-Carter said. “And then you look at the fact that the Vice president-elect is a woman of color - that is doubly amazing for me.”While she was selected by Delaware Democratic party officials to be an elector, in other states, you have to run for the privilege.“In our long history as a country, there have been very few people that have actually served in this role,” said Jonathan Fletcher, who is an elector from North Carolina.Fletcher ran to be an elector at the Republican State Convention, when it was held in North Carolina. He cast his vote for President Donald Trump, who carried the state.“It's kind of a lifelong dream,” he said. “I joke that it's a short lifelong dream – I'm only 28 – but it is a lifelong dream of mine.”The Electoral College and the popular vote don’t always match up. It’s happened five times in the country’s history, including twice in the 21st century, in 2000 and 2016. Some say that’s unfair and are calling for the Electoral College to be abolished.So, how do these electors feel about it?“It gives states like North Carolina, who are kind of middle of the pack in the electoral shuffle, it gives us a lot more equal standing with the rest of the country,” Fletcher said.Blunt-Carter said she sees why people would have some issues with the Electoral College.“I understand that people think that it is far past the time where we start to look at doing this differently,” she said. “But that's not the job of the elector. That's the job of the legislators.”For now, it’s the system in place, when it comes to choosing who gets to call the people’s house ‘home.’ 2340

WASHINGTON, D.C. — To hear artist Harvey Pratt describe the new memorial in the National Mall is to understand just how much it means to him and others.“Almost all tribes use sacred fire and water and they use the earth and air,” he said. “I thought, ‘you know, that’s what I’ll use – those elements.'”Pratt designed the newest memorial in Washington, D.C. – the National Native American Veterans Memorial. He faced an enormous task.“I thought, ‘How do you connect 573 federally-recognized tribes, plus the state-recognized tribes – without being specific to a certain tribe or region?’” he said.Nestled beside the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian, it is a place meant for reflection and remembrance.“Native people, tribal people, have always respected their veterans,” Pratt said. “Almost every tribe has a memorial to their veterans.”Yet, there’s never been a national one in such a prominent place until now.“We held 35 consultations across the country and met with about 1,200 people because we really wanted to get a sense of what they wanted to see in the memorial, what the experience of visiting it should be,” said The Smithsonian’s Rebecca Trautmann, who is the memorial’s curator.Congress first authorized its construction in 1994. However, money needed to be raised in order to make it happen; the construction was funded by private donations.“Native people have been serving in great numbers and with great dedication from the time of the Revolutionary War, up to the present,” Trautmann said, “and they continue to serve in in large numbers.”That includes Harvey Pratt, who is a Cheyenne-Arapaho, a Cheyenne Peace Chief and a veteran who served in Vietnam.“I just want people to know – we’re still here. Native people are still here and when Native people come to the memorial and do their ceremonies, that we’re going to educate non-Native people,” Pratt said. “They’ll see us doing things, they’ll ask questions and they’ll come to know us a little better.”The memorial is now providing a new way for others to get to know a group of American veterans, who now have a place where their sacrifice is recognized. 2154

We're looking deeper into consequences of police misconduct and brutality against minorities, not to overshadow any loss of life, but to highlight the racial systemic issues it adds to, including mass incarceration.“Has taken black fathers, black sons, out of their families and out of their neighborhoods and put them in a situation where even a short jail term leads to long term, lifelong economic consequences,” said Marc Morial, the president and CEO of the National Urban League.Morial spent the early years of his career as an attorney filing civil rights and police brutality lawsuits, defending black cops, and then became the mayor of New Orleans, helping lead an overhaul of the police department there.Morial says it took strong leadership, changes in recruiting, hiring, and training. He even pushed for a rule requiring police to live in the city where they work.“Lesson to be learned, reforming policing is tough and reforming it in a way that is sustainable is doubly tough,” said Morial.According to a University of Hawaii law review article on police brutality costs, African Americans have a higher rate of PTSD than their white counterparts. And that trauma carries over more significantly in work and everyday activities.Loss of life often means children are left without adequate support, the paper added, leaving them to fend for themselves in a school system that often serves as a pipeline to prison instead of a path to higher education.Police misconduct leads to distrust in urban communities and a lack of cooperation on legitimate crimes.Morial says the solution lies in community-oriented policing and funding.“These communities need investments in schools, youth programs, housing infrastructure,” said Morial. “Inner city America has been hollowed out by public policy and private actions. It’s not fair for the next generation. It’s not fair to leave a mess and leave confusion and leave economic in equality for them.”Morial also points to neighborhood beautification, summer jobs programs, and targeted programs for people coming out of jail and prison as systemic solutions. 2118

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