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WASHINGTON, March 4 (Xinhua) -- New data suggest that the epilepsy drug Topamax (topiramate) and its generic versions increase the risk for the birth defects cleft lip and cleft palate in babies born to women who use the medication during pregnancy, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) said Friday in a statement.Before prescribing topiramate, approved to treat certain types of seizures in people who have epilepsy, health care professionals should warn patients of childbearing age about the potential hazard to the fetus if a woman becomes pregnant while using the drug, the FDA said.Topiramate also is approved to prevent migraine headaches, but not to relieve the pain of migraines."Health care professionals should carefully consider the benefits and risks of topiramate when prescribing it to women of childbearing age," said Russell Katz, director of the Division of Neurology Products in the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. "Alternative medications that have a lower risk of birth defects should be considered."Cleft lip and cleft palate, collectively called oral clefts, are birth defects that occur when parts of the lip or palate do not completely fuse together early in the first trimester of pregnancy, a time when many women do not know they are pregnant.The defects range from a small notch in the lip to a groove that runs into the roof of the mouth and nose, possibly leading to problems with eating, talking, and to ear infections. Surgery often is performed to close the lip and palate and most children do well after treatment.Data from the North American Antiepileptic Drug (AED) Pregnancy Registry indicate an increased risk of oral clefts in infants exposed to topiramate during the first trimester of pregnancy. Infants exposed to topiramate as a single therapy experienced a 1.4 percent prevalence of oral clefts, compared with a prevalence of 0.38 percent - 0.55 percent in infants exposed to other antiepileptic drugs.Infants of mothers who did not have epilepsy and were not being treated with other antiepileptic drugs had a prevalence of 0.07 percent. Similar data from the United Kingdom Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register supported the North American AED Pregnancy Registry data.According to the FDA, before starting topiramate, pregnant women and women of childbearing potential should discuss other treatment options with their health care professional.

BEIJING, March 19 (Xinhua) -- In spite of the fact that snow still covers his farmland, Jiang Chen has been busy stocking fertilizers and seeds to prepare for the coming spring farming season."I am almost ready for the sowing," said Jiang, a 64-year-old peasant who farms five hectares of cropland in Liujia Township in Yushu City, northeast China's Jilin Province. "But the costs are rising so I still want to look for better seeds providing a higher yield this year."As the Chinese government continued policies to assure a good grain harvest this year, millions of farmers like Jiang in China's major grain-producing regions such as Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shandong and Henan provinces are now gearing up to finalize preparations for the coming sowing season.The central government's incentives in 2011 include increases in minimum rice purchase prices by 9.7 percent to 21.9 percent from last year, as well as 24.9 billion yuan (about 3.77 billion U.S. dollars) in subsidies to the national grain risk fund for farmers."Though farmers are richer now than before, our economic strength remains relatively weak as compared with urban residents," Jiang said.He noted that he was considering investing less this year because the cost of agricultural production has increased year after year.The average urea price from manufacturers and retailers rose about 10 percent from last year to about 1,980 yuan and 2,100 yuan per tonne at a grain and oil wholesale market near Yuquan Road in Beijing, where many farmers from neighboring Hebei, Henan and Shandong provinces buy agricultural fertilizers and additives.Urea is the primary fertilizer used by Chinese grain growers, though many of the farmers said that they would reduce the use the compound in their fields due to rising prices and the impact on wheat caused by the widespread drought in north China this winter.Wang Quan, the president of China National Agricultural Means of Production Group Corp., the country's largest supplier of agricultural materials, predicted that the use of urea during the spring farming season would be between 20 million tonnes to 25 million tonnes, which is about two fifths of the year's total.Wang said that the urea price is around 400 U.S. dollars per tonne in global markets, or 15.7 percent higher than the domestic price."I think it takes time for Chinese farmers to accept the price hikes gradually," he added.Analysts say that the different perceptions on urea prices between manufacturers and farmers may have affected China's crops because the reduced use of fertilizers usually mean less grain output in the country since many farmers depend more on fertilizers, rather than technology to boost production.China's grain output rose 2.9 percent last year to 546.41 million tonnes, marking the seventh consecutive year of growth. The country aims to keep its 2011 grain production over 500 million tonnes, according to an executive meeting of the State Council, or the Cabinet, Thursday.Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao said last month that rising costs of grain production, the lingering drought in north China's major wheat-growing regions and the weakening of agricultural production in some areas would directly affect China's summer grain output.Facing challenges such as higher costs for growing grain, Jiang believed that he could generate higher income from his crops this year with the support of the agricultural sector by the government."If the grain prices also rise this year, I can still earn a net income of 10,000 yuan for every hectare of farmland," Jiang said."I hope to keep my farmland from being seized for industrial or residential development," he added.

SHANGHAI, May, 13 (Xinhua) -- Scientists attending a recent high-level conference on robotics agreed that great progress has been made in the field, but strict rules for the safe usage of robots should be implemented."Four years ago, if you went into a Chinese factory and said 'robots can help you work,' you would be kicked out. But now, China has a large industrial robot market, along with Japan, the Republic of Korea and the United States," says Li Zexiang, general chair of the 2011 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA 2011), which concluded Friday in Shanghai.Chinese robotics researchers have suggested to the government that rules and regulations for robot usage should be created. Professor Wang Tianmiao from the Beihang University (BUAA) told Xinhua about the suggestions during the conference.Wang says that in the future, it might not be possible for artificial intelligence to take the place of humans in some social roles. However, Wang says that mankind should pay close attention to the possible dangers of advancements in robotics, as the industry is currently undergoing dramatic changes.The five-day conference, which is organized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), took place in China for the first time ever since its first session in 1984, which took place in the city of Atlanta in the United States.Media reports show that Japan, the Republic of Korea (ROK) and several Western countries have already drafted rules about the safe use of robots.

WASHINGTON, April 4 (Xinhua) -- Scientists have identified a gene that appears to play a role in regulating how much alcohol people drink, in a study of over 47,000 people published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.The researchers say that finding a common genetic variation influencing levels of alcohol consumption may lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying alcohol drinking behavior in the general population.The gene, called "autism susceptibility candidate 2", or AUTS2, has previously been linked to autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, but its function is not known.The new study, by an international consortium led by scientists at Imperial College London and King's College London, found that there are two versions of the AUTS2 gene, one three times more common than the other. People with the less common version drink on average five percent less alcohol than people with the more common version.The gene is most active in parts of the brain associated with neuropsychological reward mechanisms, suggesting that it might play a part in regulating the positive reinforcement that people feel when they drink alcohol.Alcohol consumption is known to be partly determined by genes but until now the only gene known to make a notable contribution was the gene encoding alcohol dehydrogenase, an enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the liver.Professor Paul Elliott, from the School of Public Health at Imperial College London, said: "Of course there are a lot of factors that affect how much alcohol a person drinks, but we know from twin studies that genes play an important role. The difference that this particular gene makes is only small, but by finding it we've opened up a new area of research into the biological mechanisms that control drinking."

XI'AN, March 31 (Xinhua) -- Archeologists in the northwestern Shaanxi Province confirmed Thursday, after weeks of lab work, that the bones they found in a bronze cooking vessel from a 2,400-year-old tomb belonged to a male dog under a year old.Altogether 37 bones were found in the cooking vessel, which was unearthed in November 2010 from a tomb near the Xianyang International Airport in the suburbs of Xi'an, said Liu Daiyun, a researcher with the Shaanxi Provincial Archeological Institute."When we opened the 20-cm tall cooking vessel, we were shocked to find bones and soup inside," said Liu.The bones and soup had all turned greenish, similar in color to the bronze container, he said.Cooking vessels were a typical offering Chinese once presented to their deceased ancestors, said Liu.The custom became prevalent around the Warring States Period (475 - 221 BC), the time Liu and his colleagues believed this dog stew was offered.Hu Songmei, a researcher who did most of the lab work to identify the bones, said they found the bones were "strikingly similar" to four complete sets of canine skeletons preserved at the institute's lab.The newly found bones, however, were smaller, indicating the dog was just a pup, said Hu.Hu said further lab work was needed to tell the exact species of the canine. "Dogs were domesticated by humans at least 10,000 years ago, but the early dog species that evolved from wild wolves could be very different from today's pet dogs."Besides the dog bones, experts also found a wine-like liquid in another airtight kitchen ware from the same tomb. "Whoever the tomb owner was, he must have loved liquor and meat, so his sons wished he could still enjoy the feast in his grave."