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Moderna is asking American regulators to allow emergency use of its COVID-19 vaccine. It says its final results show the vaccine is 94% effective.The drug maker says it had 196 COVID-19 cases so far in its study. It says 185 of those participants received the placebo, while 11 got the real vaccine. The 30 people who became seriously ill in the trial didn't get the vaccine.FDA advisors are expected to look at all the evidence on December 17. They'll be checking out Pfizer’s vaccine on December 10.Pfizer and Moderna's success with their COVID-19 trials could impact how vaccines are made in the future.It has to do with how they work. They use what's called messenger RNA (mRNA) technology. The virus' genetic code is injected into the body so it can instruct cells on what antibodies to produce.It hasn't been approved to be used in a commercial vaccine before.“In the future, it's clearly going to be tough to beat RNA vaccines for speed and that's a wonderful thing. Just this demonstration of how incredibly fast they can move has been great. How effective they can be, I think will depend on a particular disease,” said Shane Crotty, Ph.D. with the La Jolla Institute for Immunology.Crotty says the narrowest application for this vaccine technology in the future is a similar situation where there's a new emerging virus."The mRNA vaccine has been tried for other infectious diseases and they have been investigated for cancer. There's a whole area of trying to vaccine against cancer, which has kind of been an elusive target,” said Dr. Alessandro Sette with the La Jolla Institute for Immunology.A big question with an mRNA vaccine is how long its protection will last. While there is encouraging findings, there's no historical comparison to look at.A big thing experts say has helped with a vaccine is there has been a lot of money put towards manufacturing before we even knew it would work.Click here to learn more about mRNA vaccines. 1958

Moderna announced Thursday they have started giving teenagers their COVID-19 vaccine as part of their study on how the vaccine works in those under 18.Pfizer, the other vaccine maker with an emergency use request for their COVID-19 vaccine in adults before the FDA, started including teens in their trial in October.In the Moderna’s press release, they say the Phase 2/3 study of the mRNA vaccine is now underway and is being conducted on children between the ages of 12 and 18.“We are pleased to begin this Phase 2/3 study of mRNA-1273 in healthy adolescents in the U.S. Our goal is to generate data in the spring of 2021 that will support the use of mRNA-1273 in adolescents in advance of the 2021 school year,” said Stéphane Bancel, Chief Executive Officer of Moderna in a company statement. “We hope we will be able to provide a safe vaccine to provide protection to adolescents so they can return to school in a normal setting.”The Phase 2/3 study from Moderna is being done to test the safety and immunogenicity of the two-dose vaccine they submitted to the FDA for emergency use approval last month.They plan to enroll about 3,000 teenagers in the U.S. in the trial, with each receiving either a placebo or the vaccine in two doses, 28 days apart. 1262

NASA has long been able to check out Mars on the ground with rovers and landers and from far above with orbital spacecraft. Now, it wants to prove that it can sustainably fly around the planet's thin atmosphere at low altitude -- with a tiny helicopter.NASA announced Friday it will send the Mars Helicopter to the Red Planet with the previously announced Mars 2020 rover, set to launch in two years from Florida.The hope is that aircraft like this one -- flying mechanical scouts -- will eventually give scientists another vantage point from which to observe Mars.The helicopter will be mankind's first attempt to fly a heavier-than-air craft -- think helicopter or airplane -- in an atmosphere other than Earth's, the space agency said.Its mission will be to take five test flights after it lands with the rover in February 2021. 839

Months of debate have transitioned into action as school districts across the country welcome students back for the 2020-2021 school year, whether online or in-person.In Iowa, however, the debate over how to approach the topic has transitioned to the court system.In July, Gov. Kim Reynolds announced a new mandate at a press conference requiring school districts teach at least 50 percent of its curriculum in-person. She also said school districts would only be able to move to an online-only curriculum if the COVID-19 positivity rate in that region reached 15 percent or higher.It is one of the highest positivity rate thresholds in the country.The CDC has used the positivity rate, or percentage of COVID-19 tests that return a positive result, as a barometer of how the coronavirus is circulating across the country. Below 10 percent is indicative of the shrinking rate of transmission.When it came out with school guidelines, the CDC recommended schools only reopen to in-person learning if the positivity rate was 5 percent or below.For comparison, New York City has said kids can’t go back to school until the positivity rate is under 3 percent. Arizona has set its bar at 7 percent, and even the surgeon general has said schools nationwide shouldn’t consider returning to in-person learning unless the positivity rate is under 10 percent.“I look at my husband who has to go teach in high school and look at the risks that presents to him. I have to look at my kids who are missing out on in-person school,” said Lisa Williams, a school board member in Iowa City.Recently, the Iowa City Community School District joined in on a lawsuit filed against the state that claims the governor is violating the state constitution by not looking out for the well-being of Iowans.“It’s troubling,” said Williams. “I think kids need to be in school. They need to be for a whole host of reasons, but I don’t think the 15 percent is a good barometer of whether or not it is safe to do so.”“I was shocked,” said Mary Kenyon of the governor’s mandate. “I was angry. I’m still angry. I have a lot of anger.”Kenyon has decided to keep her son home to learn online unless things change. Despite the new mandate, the state is allowing parents to keep their kids home so they can learn in a virtual-only capacity if they choose.“They are trying to create a policy that will blanket a state that has widely varying types of educational settings,” she said.The issue isn’t exclusive to Iowa, either, but most rural states. Iowa City’s school district has 14,000 students. Compare that to some of its rural counties that only have a few hundred and a 15 percent positivity rate means something entirely different, she says.“I think we all want what’s best for our kids and we all don’t agree on what that looks like,” said Williams. 2825

MOSIDA, Utah – Not too far south of Salt Lake City, you will find the Bateman Dairy Farm. It’s a farm where the cattle have quite the view. The Wasatch Mountain Range rises up across Utah Lake.“The right way to take care of cows is to make them happy and comfortable,” said Brad Bateman.Bateman has worked the farm since he was a small boy alongside his family.“There was no hanging out or having fun here; it was all work,” he said with a chuckle. “Our family developed the farm ground and broke a lot of this ground out of sagebrush.”Today, there are more than 20,000 head of dairy cows and feeding them can be a tall order.However, sometimes life can present a unique opportunity for growth.“We want to welcome you to the first-ever controlled environment indoor farm for animal feed,” said Steve Lindsley, president of Grov Technologies.Call it a marriage between farming and technology, with an eco-friendlier “hoof print.”“We call the machine, Olympus, Lindsley said, pointing to the large tower stretching nearly to the roof of the building.“Each of these machines will replace 35 to 50 acres of land.”Lindsley said to grow the cow feed indoors with Olympus only takes five percent of the water of traditional farming.“The seeds are planted on a tray, and within about five to six days, we come out with a beautiful harvest,” Lindsley said.Lindsley’s background is in tech but he envisions towers like Olympus helping anywhere rainwater is scarce.“There are so many challenges with water,” Lindsley explained. “You just think about the West, you think about California, the panhandle of Texas. There are so many places that could benefit from this technology.”For the Bateman farm, this year the weather wasn’t so much of an issue, it was COVID-19. The virus disrupted supply lines all over the world and put farms like the Batemans in danger of running out of feed.“We just couldn’t get into places to get the animal feed,” Bateman explained. “Places like Washington state, they wouldn’t even let our trucks in.”Bateman said the timing of the partnership couldn’t have been better.“The cows love this stuff,” he said with a smile. “This is like cow candy for them.”Now, Bateman sleeps a bit better at night knowing his cows will get fed regardless of the weather or a worldwide pandemic.“This whole thing has really brought home the importance of having a fresh, local supply of feed,” Bateman said. “This is a really big thing for us and feeling secure about our future.” 2488

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