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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — In the race for a coronavirus vaccine, scientists often say we need more than one winner.That’s in part because different vaccines use different strategies to provoke the immune system, and each strategy has different strengths.Take the inactivated virus vaccine, an approach currently used in the vaccine against the poliovirus. In this approach, scientists take a live virus, kill it with chemicals or heat, and then introduce that viral corpse into a person.There are three groups in the final phase of human trials using inactivated coronavirus, primarily in China, according to a tracker from the Milken Institute.“The immune system can tell the difference between something that's a real threat and something that's not a threat, and so if you get injected with a dead virus your immune system has the tendency to not pay a lot of attention to that,” said Dr. Shane Crotty of the La Jolla Institute for Immunology.The downside of the inactivated virus approach is that it only elicits two out of the three of the parts of the immune system, Dr. Crotty said. It’s capable of producing antibodies and helper T-cells, but not killer T-cells.The modern take on the inactivated virus approach is called a viral vector vaccine.In this strategy, scientists combine elements of the coronavirus with a common cold virus called an adenovirus that won’t make you sick. Since the virus is alive, it can elicit all three kinds of immune responses, Dr. Crotty said.“There are no licensed vaccines right now that use that strategy, but there are all kinds of vaccine trials that have been done around the world with those types [of vaccines] showing that they're straightforward to manufacture. They're very safe,” he said.The University of Oxford is testing a viral vector vaccine for COVID-19 in a Phase 3 clinical trial.Then there are subunit vaccines. These include just a section -- or subunit -- of the virus’ protein.UC San Diego is working on a coronavirus candidate vaccine using this approach.There are subunit vaccines currently on the market for tetanus and other viruses.“Working with proteins is more challenging, just from a laboratory and manufacturing perspective,” Dr. Crotty said.Enter the next phase of vaccine development. Instead of using the virus itself or fragments of it, Inovio Pharmaceuticals is working on a vaccine strategy using just the virus’ genetic information.DNA-based vaccines simply introduce a genetically engineered blueprint of the virus into a person, and the cells do the rest.“Some people get confused about this. They think it’s a genetic vaccine that changes their DNA and becomes part of them, and that’s definitely not the case.” Dr. Crotty said. “They don’t become part of you. Your body chews them up.”Researchers have been working on DNA-based vaccines for about 20 years, Crotty said, but none are currently licensed for use.San Diego-based Arcturus Therapeutics is using an RNA-based approach, along with other companies like Pfizer and Moderna that have entered Phase 3 trials.Messenger RNA reads the DNA instructions and helps translate them into proteins.Dr. Crotty said the DNA and RNA approaches have similar drawbacks and benefits: they’ve never been approved for us, but both can be developed rapidly because they don’t require access to the physical virus.Around the world, there are more than 200 coronavirus vaccines currently in development, according to the Milken Institute. 3459

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - Looking for love in all the wrong places? San Diego is one of the top spots in the nation for singles, according to WalletHub.The website ranked cities based on data including share of single population, number of online dating opportunities, and nightlife options.The top cities included: 321

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — In response to the coronavirus pandemic, Qualcomm is requiring employees able to work from home to do so.In an email sent to employees, the company moved to "a global required work from home policy for employees who are able to perform their job remotely" effective immediately through March 27. A Qualcomm spokesperson confirmed the email to 10News.The company email says employees in China should continue to follow local guidelines that they've received separately."Certain employees will be identified as 'onsite critical,' which means that your work is both critical to the continuity of business operations and requires onsite presence to perform your work duties," the company's email read.Qualcomm said it is taking the action as a "proactive, preventative measure to protect our employees and help reduce the spread of the virus."The San Diego Regional Economic Development Corporation estimated in early 2018 that the company has a .9 billion impact on the San Diego economy. Founded in 1985, Qualcomm is one of San Diego's largest employers, employing more than 33,000 people worldwide. 1126

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- Local San Diego County attractions announced Sunday that they will close as a stay-at-home order takes effect in Southern California.The restrictions for the region begin at 11:59 p.m. on Sunday.SeaWorld announced a temporary closure beginning December 7. The closure will remain until the region’s zoos are allowed to reopen, the amusement park said.“During this time, our veterinarians and animal care experts will continue to provide the animals that call SeaWorld San Diego home the same high level of care," SeaWorld said in a statement. "Our animal rescue and rehabilitation operations will also continue to conduct their important work that is a hallmark of our company."RELATED STORIESCounty urges San Diegans to heed new health orders as COVID-19 cases surge'The rules are changing once again' Mayor Kevin Faulconer responds to Newsom's new shutdownsSan Diego restaurant workers dread latest shutdownThe San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and Birch Aquarium also announced closures starting December 7.“We continue to have essential and dedicated staff on grounds at both parks, ensuring that the wildlife in our care continue to thrive. The urgent nature of our work to save species is unchanged, even in the face of this pandemic. Species will continue to disappear from the planet at an accelerated rate if we do not remain steadfast in fulfilling our mission. We keep at the forefront of our thoughts the well-being of these dedicated employees and the many volunteers who make our parks such special places to visit. We look forward to the day we get to welcome our guests back,” the zoo said.LEGOLAND California has not officially announced closing, but the park's website has changed the last day of its holiday event from Jan. 10 to Sunday, Dec. 6. The USS Midway Museum also closed to visitors on Sunday.The news comes as the region fell below the 15% ICU threshold, triggering the restrictions.The State Department of Public Health said the entire Southern California Region, including San Diego, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, Imperial, Inyo, Mono, San Bernardino, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventura counties fell to 10.3% ICU capacity on Sunday. 2211

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — Local activists are accusing the city of San Diego of slow-playing their proposal to create an independent commission on police practices - to the point that it died.The measure would have created a board with subpoena power. And the ability to launch its own investigations.The board, which would have been called the Independent Commission Police Practices, would have addressed several of the concerns raised by the County Grand Jury about the city's Community Review Board.Those concerns include a lack of subpoena power, access to only some complaints, and an appearance some find too closely linked to the San Diego Police Department. Women Occupy San Diego's proposed an independent board that would have subpoena power."We would have independent investigators who would talk to the witnesses, who would look at all the documents, who would do the same things that (Internal Affairs) does," said Kate Yavenditti, a local attorney and one of the group's members.Women Occupy San Diego filed the measure in March, but earlier this month the City Attorney's said the San Diego Police Officers Association and the Municipal Employees Association needed to be consulted before it could go to the November ballot, due to a law called the Meyers Milias Brown Act.A city attorney memo said the the organizations needed to be conferred with because the measure could impact their working conditions.Yavenditti said she learned of this at a rules committee meeting on July 11, and the City Council didn't docket the issue until Monday, just less than two weeks before the Registrar of Voters deadline for the November ballot.It was too close, so the council voted not to move it forward."At this point, there's nothing we can do about it except talk about what we believe was a deliberate delay," Yavenditti said. A city spokeswoman said this measure was treated the same as all the others that were vying for the November ballot. Jack Schaeffer, president of the San Diego Police Officers Association, said he stood by the current Community Review Board. He noted it has trained experts doing investigations, they pick apart all the evidence and come to appropriate conclusions."It's almost like a big audit of what we’ve done as investigators," he said. "If you look nationwide, a few different ways to do police oversight and not one of them is really any better the other."Yavenditti said her group is now eyeing the proposal for the 2020 ballot. 2489

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