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As the novel coronavirus emerged in the news in January, Sarah Keeley was working as a medical scribe and considering what to do with her biology degree.By February, as the disease crept across the U.S., Keeley found her calling: a career in public health. “This is something that’s going to be necessary,” Keeley remembered thinking. “This is something I can do. This is something I’m interested in.”In August, Keeley began studying at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to become an epidemiologist.Public health programs in the United States have seen a surge in enrollment as the coronavirus has swept through the country, killing more than 247,000 people. As state and local public health departments struggle with unprecedented challenges — slashed budgets, surging demand, staff departures and even threats to workers’ safety —- a new generation is entering the field.Among the more than 100 schools and public health programs that use the common application — a single admissions application form that students can send to multiple schools — there was a 20% increase in applications to master’s in public health programs for the current academic year, to nearly 40,000, according to the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health.Some programs are seeing even bigger jumps. Applications to Brown University’s small master’s in public health program rose 75%, according to Annie Gjelsvik, a professor and director of the program.Demand was so high as the pandemic hit full force in the spring that Brown extended its application deadline by over a month. Seventy students ultimately matriculated this fall, up from 41 last year.“People interested in public health are interested in solving complex problems,” Gjelsvik said. “The COVID pandemic is a complex issue that’s in the forefront every day.”It’s too early to say whether the jump in interest in public health programs is specific to that field or reflects a broader surge of interest in graduate programs in general, according to those who track graduate school admissions. Factors such as pandemic-related deferrals and disruptions in international student admissions make it difficult to compare programs across the board.Magnolia E. Hernández, an assistant dean at Florida International University’s Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, said new student enrollments in its master’s in public health program grew 63% from last year. The school has especially seen an uptick in interest among Black students, from 21% of newly admitted students last fall to 26.8% this year.Kelsie Campbell is one of them. She’s part Jamaican and part British. When she heard in both the British and American media that Black and ethnic minorities were being disproportionately hurt by the pandemic, she wanted to focus on why.“Why is the Black community being impacted disproportionately by the pandemic? Why is that happening?” Campbell asked. “I want to be able to come to you and say, ‘This is happening. These are the numbers and this is what we’re going to do.’”The biochemistry major at Florida International said she plans to explore that when she begins her MPH program at Stempel College in the spring. She said she hopes to eventually put her public health degree to work helping her own community.“There’s power in having people from your community in high places, somebody to fight for you, somebody to be your voice,” she said.Public health students are already working on the front lines of the nation’s pandemic response in many locations. Students at Brown’s public health program, for example, are crunching infection data and tracing the spread of the disease for the Rhode Island Department of Health.Some students who had planned to work in public health shifted their focus as they watched the devastation of COVID-19 in their communities. In college, Emilie Saksvig, 23, double-majored in civil engineering and public health. She was supposed to start working this year as a Peace Corps volunteer to help with water infrastructure in Kenya. She had dreamed of working overseas on global public health.The pandemic forced her to cancel those plans, and she decided instead to pursue a master’s degree in public health at Emory University.“The pandemic has made it so that it is apparent that the United States needs a lot of help, too,” she said. “It changed the direction of where I wanted to go.”These students are entering a field that faced serious challenges even before the pandemic exposed the strains on the underfunded patchwork of state and local public health departments. An analysis by The Associated Press and Kaiser Health News found that since 2010, per capita spending for state public health departments has dropped by 16%, and for local health departments by 18%. At least 38,000 state and local public health jobs have disappeared since the 2008 recession.And the workforce is aging: Forty-two percent of governmental public health workers are over 50, according to the de Beaumont Foundation, and the field has high turnover. Before the pandemic, nearly half of public health workers said they planned to retire or leave their organizations for other reasons in the next five years. Poor pay topped the list of reasons. Some public health workers are paid so little that they qualify for public aid.Brian Castrucci, CEO of the de Beaumont Foundation, which advocates for public health, said government public health jobs need to be a “destination job” for top graduates of public health schools.“If we aren’t going after the best and the brightest, it means that the best and the brightest aren’t protecting our nation from those threats that can, clearly, not only devastate from a human perspective, but from an economic perspective,” Castrucci said.The pandemic put that already stressed public health workforce in the middle of what became a pitched political battle over how to contain the disease. As public health officials recommended closing businesses and requiring people to wear masks, many, including Dr. Anthony Fauci, the U.S. government’s top virus expert, faced threats and political reprisals, AP and KHN found. Many were pushed out of their jobs. An ongoing count by AP/KHN has found that more than 100 public health leaders in dozens of states have retired, quit or been fired since April.Those threats have had the effect of crystallizing for students the importance of their work, said Patricia Pittman, a professor of health policy and management at George Washington University’s Milken Institute School of Public Health.“Our students have been both indignant and also energized by what it means to become a public health professional,” Pittman said. “Indignant because many of the local and the national leaders who are trying to make recommendations around public health practices were being mistreated. And proud because they know that they are going to be part of that frontline public health workforce that has not always gotten the respect that it deserves.”Saksvig compared public health workers to law enforcement in the way they both have responsibility for enforcing rules that can alter people’s lives.“I feel like before the coronavirus, a lot of people didn’t really pay attention to public health,” she said. “Especially now when something like a pandemic is happening, public health people are just on the forefront of everything.”___KHN Midwest correspondent Lauren Weber and KHN senior correspondent Anna Maria Barry-Jester contributed to this report.___This story is a collaboration between The Associated Press and Kaiser Health News, which is a nonprofit news service covering health issues. It is an editorially independent program of the Kaiser Family Foundation. KHN is not affiliated with Kaiser Permanente. 7795

As we shield ourselves in any way possible from the novel coronavirus, there are some parts of the country handling social distancing better than others.“This is a public health problem; it’s not a private health problem,” explained Dr. Bhaskar Chakravorti, who leads the Fletcher Institute for Business at Tufts University. “If I get sick, I could make three other people sick.”Over the past few months, Dr. Chakravorti and his colleagues have been analyzing mobility data from across the country.What did he and his team discover?The top three states who were practicing social distancing the most were New York, New Jersey and Massachusetts. Nebraska, South Dakota, Arizona were among the worst when it came to practicing social-distancing procedures. Dr. Chakravorti says that has led to higher contagion rates in those areas.“In this post-pandemic moment, each state is going in somewhat a different direction as far as how it's managing the pandemic,” he added.In bigger cities with higher rates of infections, the study found that people responded better to restrictions because they could see the impact the coronavirus was having around them. Dr. Chakravorti hopes public health officials use his findings to make more uniform policies nationwide.“This whole issue of COVID has become a political issue, so even the act of wearing a mask has become a political statement,” he said. “You never want to mix politics with anything. You definitely don’t want to mix it with public health. That’s a dangerous combination.” 1534

ATLANTA (AP) — Georgia’s governor, who has opposed local mask mandates and even sued over one in Atlanta, has signed a new executive order that allows local governments to enact mask requirements to help fight the coronavirus pandemic.As with previous orders, the one issued by Gov. Brian Kemp on Saturday says residents and visitors of the state are “strongly encouraged” to wear face coverings when they are outside of their homes, except when eating, drinking or exercising outside.But unlike previous orders, this one allows local governments in counties that have reached a “threshold requirement” to require the wearing of masks on government-owned property.A county meets that threshold if it has had 100 or more confirmed cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 people over the past two weeks. Very few of the state’s counties are below that threshold.The order says mask mandates can’t lead to fines, fees or penalties against private businesses or organizations. For individuals, the order says penalties cannot include a fine more than or prison time.The order also extends shelter-in-place requirements for people who are considered to be at a higher risk of severe illness from the coronavirus.It also bans gatherings larger than 50 people if individuals are closer than 6 feet apart. 1299

Attorney General Jeff Sessions ordered a review Friday into how the Justice Department and FBI respond to indications of potential violence after the bureau said it failed to act on a tip about the shooter in the Parkland, Florida, school massacre.A person close to Nikolas Cruz, the confessed shooter, contacted the FBI on January 5 to report concerns about him, the FBI said in a statement Friday. But the bureau did not appropriately follow established protocols in following up on the tip."The information was not provided to the Miami Field Office, and no further investigation was conducted at that time," the statement said.The stunning admission -- which prompted Florida Gov. Rick Scott to call on FBI Director Christopher Wray to resign -- is sure to raise further questions about whether the FBI could have prevented the shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, which left 17 dead.  915

Attorney General Jeff Sessions' private attorney said Wednesday that the attorney general is not under investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller's office for perjury related to statements made at his confirmation hearing.In response to?an ABC News report saying that now-dismissed FBI official Andrew McCabe had authorized an investigation into whether Sessions lied to Congress about his contacts with a top Russian diplomat, attorney Chuck Cooper said Mueller's office has informed him that Sessions is not being investigated over his testimony."The special counsel's office has informed me that after interviewing the Attorney General and conducting additional investigation, the Attorney General is not under investigation for false statements or perjury in his confirmation hearing testimony and related written submissions to Congress," Cooper said in a statement to CNN.The special counsel's office declined to comment.A source close to Sessions said he was not aware of any investigation into possible perjury when McCabe was fired last week.CNN reported in January that Sessions was questioned for several hours by Mueller's team as part of the investigation into Russian election meddling and any possible collusion with President Donald Trump's team. A source familiar with the matter told CNN that Cooper was unaware of any possible perjury investigation related to Sessions before it was revealed by the ABC report.Sessions has repeatedly said that he didn't mislead senators or lie under oath.Vermont Democratic Sen. Patrick Leahy and then-Minnesota Democratic Sen. Al Franken wrote to then-FBI Director James Comey last March asking the FBI to investigate Sessions' testimony. The ABC report said McCabe opened the probe after the letter.A representative for McCabe declined to comment on the ABC story, which said top lawmakers of both parties were informed about the probe in a private briefing from McCabe in May, where Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein also attended.A spokesman for Leahy said Wednesday that the senator was "not otherwise made aware of an investigation" into Sessions for perjury and that the FBI had declined to "confirm or deny the existence of an investigation" as of May 2017.Sessions confirmed last year that he met with Sergey Kislyak, the former Russian ambassador to the US, on two occasions: once on the sidelines of the Republican National Convention in July 2016, and then in his office in September 2016, when Sessions was a member of the Senate Armed Services committee.Sessions did not, however, mention either meeting during his confirmation hearing last January -- a fateful choice that has cast a long shadow over his tenure at the Justice Department.The critical exchange took place in January 2017, when Franken read from a CNN story about the dossier on Trump and Russia, and asked Sessions: "If there was any evidence that anyone affiliated with the Trump campaign communicated with the Russian government in the course of this (2016) campaign, what would you do?"Sessions responded: "I'm not aware of any of those activities. I have been called a surrogate at a time or two in that campaign and I did not have communications with the Russians."He further replied, "no," when asked whether he had been "in contact with anyone connected to any part of the Russian government about the 2016 election, either before or after Election Day" in his Senate questionnaire.For over a year, the attorney general has faced scrutiny from lawmakers on Capitol Hill about those portions of his testimony.After his confirmation hearing, The Washington Post reported on Sessions' undisclosed meetings with Kislyak, prompting members of Congress to call for Sessions to resign or step aside from overseeing the FBI's investigation into potential coordination between Russian officials and the Trump campaign.Kislyak, a career diplomat, was considered to be one of Russia's top spies and spy-recruiters in Washington, according to current and former senior US government officials -- though Russian officials dispute that characterization. Ultimately, Sessions recused himself from all investigations related to the 2016 campaign and Mueller was appointed special counsel.Sessions has steadfastly maintained that he was honest in his testimony."It simply did not occur to me to go further than the context of the question and list any conversations I may have had with Russians in routine situation, as a I had with numerous other foreign officials," Sessions said at a Senate Intelligence Committee hearing last June."I have never met with or had any conversations with any Russians or any foreign officials concerning any type of interference with any campaign or election," he added.Sessions later said he did not recall a third alleged private meeting with Kislyak on April 27, 2016, at the Mayflower Hotel in Washington, where then-candidate Trump delivered his first major foreign policy speech.Finally, in November, Sessions testified that he vaguely remembered a March 2016 meeting with Trump campaign aide George Papadopoulos, but said he had "no clear recollection of the details" of what was said at the time. Papadopoulos pleaded guilty last fall to making false statements to investigators about his interactions with foreign officials close to the Russian government."After reading (Papadopoulos' account), and to the best of my recollection, I believe that I wanted to make clear to him that he was not authorized to represent the campaign with the Russian government, or any other foreign government, for that matter," Sessions told House members. "But I did not recall this event ... and would gladly have reported it had I remembered it, because I pushed back against his suggestion." 5791

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