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WASHINGTON, Dec. 22 (Xinhua) -- The journal Science on Thursday chose the HPTN 052 clinical trial, an international HIV prevention trial as the 2011 Breakthrough of the Year.The study found that if HIV-infected heterosexual individuals begin taking anti-retroviral medicines when their immune systems are relatively healthy as opposed to delaying therapy until the disease has advanced, they are 96 percent less likely to transmit the virus to their uninfected partners. Findings from the trial, first announced in May, were published in the New England Journal of Medicine in August.The study was funded by the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health."The HPTN 052 study convincingly demonstrated that anti- retroviral medications can not only treat but also prevent the transmission of HIV infection among heterosexual individuals," said NIAID Director Anthony Fauci in a statement. "We are pleased that Science recognized the extraordinary public health significance of these study results."Science's list of nine other ground-breaking scientific achievements from 2011 include:The Hayabusa Mission: After some near-disastrous technical difficulties and a stunningly successful recovery, Japan's Hayabusa spacecraft returned to Earth with dust from the surface of a large, S-type asteroid. This asteroid dust represented the first direct sampling of a planetary body in 35 years, and analysis of the grains confirmed that the most common meteorites found on Earth, known as ordinary chondrules, are born from these much larger, S-type asteroids.Unraveling Human Origins: Studying the genetic code of both ancient and modern human beings, researchers discovered that many humans still carry DNA variants inherited from archaic humans, such as the mysterious Denisovans in Asia and still-unidentified ancestors in Africa. One study this year revealed how archaic humans likely shaped our modern immune systems, and an analysis of Australopithecus sediba fossils in South Africa showed that the ancient hominin possessed both primitive and Homo-like traits.Capturing a Photosynthetic Protein: In vivid detail, researchers in Japan have mapped the structure of the Photosystem II, or PSII, protein that plants use to split water into hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The crystal-clear image shows off the protein's catalytic core and reveals the specific orientation of atoms within. Now, scientists have access to this catalytic structure that is essential for life on Earth -- one that may also hold the key to a powerful source of clean energy.Pristine Gas in Space: Astronomers using the Keck telescope in Hawaii to probe the faraway universe wound up discovering two clouds of hydrogen gas that seem to have maintained their original chemistry for two billion years after the big bang. Other researchers identified a star that is almost completely devoid of metals, just as the universe's earliest stars must have been, but that formed much later. The discoveries show that pockets of matter persisted unscathed amid eons of cosmic violence.

BEIJING, Otc. 26 (Xinhuanet) -- The more coffee people consume, the less likely they develop the most common form of skin cancer, a new study suggests, according to media reports Tuesday."Our study indicates that coffee consumption may be an important option to help prevent basal cell carcinoma," stated Fengju Song, lead researcher of the study and a postdoctoral fellow in the department of dermatology at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston.Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is reported to be a slow-growing form of skin cancer that accounts for 75 percent of all skin cancers. It is the most common type of skin cancer, with nearly one million new cases diagnosed each year in the United States.Although BCC is hardly fatal, if ignored, there may be consequences of treatment, including disfigurement, according to a USA Today report.The US researchers found that women who drank over three cups of coffee a day were 20 percent less likely to develop BCC, whereas the risk of having BCC for men who consumed more than three cups per day lowered 9 percent.To get the findings, the researchers analysed data from almost113,000 people between1984-2008 and over 23,000 were diagnosed with BCC.The researchers agreed that caffeinated coffee was associated with BCC risk reduction, but decaffeinated coffee did not have such effect.According to a Fox News report, besides cutting the risk of skin cancer, coffee consumption has also been found to lower the risk of breast cancer and prostate cancer and cancer overall."To the best of our knowledge, coffee consumption is a healthy habit," said Fengju Song, cited by the Fox News.The findings were presented Monday at the American Association for Cancer Research International Conference in Boston and not yet published in a scientific journal.

WASHINGTON, Dec. 21 (Xinhua) -- New research suggests that, in people who don't currently have memory problems, those with smaller regions of the brain's cortex may be more likely to develop symptoms consistent with very early Alzheimer's disease.The study was published Wednesday in the online issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.For the study, researchers used brain scans to measure the thickness of regions of the brain's cortex in 159 people free of dementia with an average age of 76. The brain regions were chosen based on prior studies showing that they shrink in patients with Alzheimer's dementia.Of the 159 people, 19 were classified as at high risk for having early Alzheimer's disease due to smaller size of particular regions known to be vulnerable to Alzheimer's in the brain's cortex, 116 were classified as average risk and 24 as low risk. At the beginning of the study, participants were also given tests that measured memory, problem solving and ability to plan and pay attention. The tests will go on over the next three yearsThe study found that 21 percent of those at high risk experienced cognitive decline during three years of follow-up after the MRI scan, compared to seven percent of those at average risk and none of those at low risk."Further research is needed on how using MRI scans to measure the size of different brain regions in combination with other tests may help identify people at the greatest risk of developing early Alzheimer's as early as possible," said study author Bradford Dickerson, of Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston and a member of the American Academy of Neurology.

BEIJING, Oct. 12 (Xinhuanet) -- Study found that women who took multivitamins may actually be at risk, media reports on Wednsday.Women who took the dietary supplements vitamin B6, folic acid, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron and multivitamins had a higher risk of death than women who did not.The new study, published in the Archives of Internal Medicine, examined more than 38,000 women aged 55 and older who took part in the Iowa Women's Health Study, which started in the mid 1980s. Researchers found the vitamins did nothing to reduce the risk of death and that most supplements have no positive effect on women's health.The study did not distinguish if the women in the study took the vitamins to fight diseases or to maintain health.Vitamin experts say the best way to make sure you are getting all necessary vitamins is to eat a well-balanced diet. The vitamins people take do not  depend on personal preference.

SEOUL, Nov. 28 (Xinhua) -- Samsung Electronics, the world's second-largest manufacturer of mobile phones, said Monday that it launched its latest smart mobile gadget Galaxy Note in South Korea in a bid to take the lead in a new phase of the mobile phone market.The Galaxy Note, which was first introduced in September at IFA 2011, the consumer electronics fair held in Berlin, was Samsung's latest Galaxy lineup, combining the portability of a smartphone with the larger screen of a tablet computer, according to Samsung.The device ensured portability and grip with 9.65-millimeter thin, 182 grams in weight and a rounded back design, while featuring a 5.3-inch super active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) display.The function of "S Pen," or a digital pen, was added to the device in a bid to enable users to draw, paint and crop images by writing on the screen, Samsung said.Featuring Android's 2.3 Gingerbread platform, the gadget was powered by a 1.5-gigahertz dual core processor supplemented with fourth generation (4G) long term evolution (LTE) network service."Galaxy Note is a revolutionary product opening a new category in the market. It will deliver a whole new mobile experience beyond feature phones, smartphones and tablet devices," said Shin Jong-kyun, president and head of Samsung's mobile communications business.In addition, Samsung launched Galaxy Nexus, the world's first smartphone running Android's 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich. The latest Android operating system (OS) combined the benefits of smartphones and tablet computers, according to Samsung.The smartphone, which was first introduced in Hong Kong last month, offered quicker multi-tasking and faster web browsing than previous models, while the near-field communication (NFC) function allowed users to easily share contents with other users by tapping their devices together, Samsung said.With the updated Ice Cream Sandwich, the Galaxy Nexus offered facial recognition technology, which unlocks the phone by identifying the user's face.

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