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-- and its wider implications for human mental health treatment -- was found in their poop, per new findings published in Behavioural Brain Research.Rats are better drivers when they're mentally stimulatedKelly Lambert, study author and head of the University of Richmond's Lambert Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, trained two groups of young rats: One bunch raised in an "enriched environment" with toys, ladders, balls and pieces of wood designed to spark mental stimulation, and another reared in a standard, unexciting lab cage.The rats learned to enter a custom "rat-operated vehicle," or ROV, adorably constructed from a one-gallon plastic container turned on its side.Once inside, the rat racers would stand on an aluminum plate and press on a copper bar that would trigger the wheels' motor. They'd hold down on the bar until they propelled their tiny car to the end of their enclosure, where they collected their reward: Froot Loops.When it came time to drive, the rats who played with ladders, balls and toys were more adept at operating and steering the ROV, thanks to the neuroplasticity (their brains' ability to change over time) triggered by their environment. Their unstimulated cage counterparts effectively "failed their driving test," Lambert said.Hormones found in their feces showed improved emotional resilienceIn sifting through their fecal matter, Lambert found both groups of rats trained to drive secreted higher levels of corticosterone and DHEA, hormones that control stress responses.Corticosterone is a hormone animals could secrete in high-stakes scenarios like running from a wild animal or defending themselves from predators, but it can also be expressed in lower-risk tasks like doing taxes or worrying about a loved one (though rats likely aren't advanced enough to form a government, let alone impose taxes on fellow rats).DHEA acts as a sort of "buffer," Lambert said, when corticosterone becomes toxic -- that is, when it can't be turned off in a reasonable amount of time, creating prolonged stress.It's evidence that mastering a complex task, like driving a car, bolstered the rats' emotional resilience."It is likely that driving gives the rats a sense of control over their environment," she said. "In humans, we would say that it enhances a sense of agency or self-efficacy."What have rats got to do with human health?The brains of humans and rats share nearly all of the same areas and neurochemicals -- they're just smaller in rodents. And though humans are certainly more complex than rats, Lambert said there are "universal truths" in how both species' brains interact within their environment to maintain optimal mental health.So these results have implications for human health, too (and no, they don't mean rats will drive alongside people in tiny lanes on highways). Emotional resilience is one of the first lines of defense against mental illnesses like depression, she said, and learning what behaviors build that up could clue physicians in on how to treat those illnesses in humans.It's a concept Lambert refers to as "behaviorceuticals," activities that release hormones that can ward off prolonged stress brought on by corticosterone."Anything that reduces stress can build resilience against the onset of mental illness," she said.The activity can be something as simple as knitting, or in rats' case, learning to drive a car. Just engaging hands, paws and brains of varying sizes can enhance a participant's sense of control. 3489

at STEM School Highlands Ranch, Colorado made his first court appearance Wednesday afternoon, and the student killed days before his senior year was set to end was identified by his parents.Douglas County Sheriff Tony Spurlock, 18th Judicial District Attorney George Brauchler and Gov. Jared Polis hosted the news conference early Wednesday, flanked by their school and law enforcement partners, and told the northeast Colorado community reeling from another mass shooting to come together for the victims.“This does not define us. It won’t today and it won’t tomorrow,” Brauchler said, calling the latest shooting an “aberrant” act and urging the community to mourn, to support one another, and to continue to send their children to school.“Our hearts are hurting for them,” Polis said of the school community, adding that he felt “frankly sick” about the latest Colorado shooting.MORE | 891

Pence was in Lemoore, California, south of Fresno, earlier Wednesday, attending a fundraiser and speaking to farmers. He spoke about supporting the families and neighbors affected by the Ridgecrest earthquakes and saying farmers need their voices heard.Pence is expected to 276

in South Carolina on a murder charge in connection to the case.El Paso County Sheriff Bill Elder said Letecia Stauch was arrested Monday morning in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina in connection to the disappearance of Gannon Stauch. She had reported him missing on Jan. 27. She was taken into custody on charges of first-degree murder of a child under the age of 12 by a person in a position of trust, second-degree child abuse resulting in death, tampering with a deceased human body and tampering with physical evidence, Elder said. He called this arrest part of a "rapidly developing and highly complex investigation."Letecia is being held without bond at the J. Reuben Long Detention Center in Horry County, South Carolina, and will remain there until she is extradited back to Colorado Springs, Elder said. El Paso Sheriff's Lt. Mitch Mahalko said they are not releasing the information that resulted in Letecia's arrest, but noted that the investigation has been methodical across multiple states. "While we have not yet found Gannon, information has been developed that is helping us narrow our search," he said. "As you can see from the arrest, sadly, we do not believe Gannon is alive. Our work is only just beginning."He said residents in El Paso County will see many law enforcement officials in the county over the coming weeks, and possibly months, as they continue the investigation. As authorities explained the new development, Gannon's parents — mother Landen Hiott and father Albert Stauch — stood behind them and held hands with their heads bowed. Hiott then stepped to the podium. She said while authorities have said that her son is no longer with us, she feels that "he is with us.""After the stories from people all over the world, he's not only my hero now, but he's the world's hero," she said. She said she never thought she'd be standing in that position, and called it a nightmare."I've had to put trust in people I don't know," she said. "Today I got the worst news and the best news. Obviously we know what the worst news is, but the best news is that justice will be served. And I'll make sure of it. Because my boy did not deserve any of this that has happened to him."Jacqueline Kirby, spokesperson for the El Paso County Sheriff's Office, read a letter Albert had written. He described the day his son was born — Sept. 29, 2008 — and how his heart stopped. Albert said his son's infectious smile and constant laughter impacted everybody he met. He had been looking forward to the boy's teenage years as he became a young man. His heart stopped again on March 2, 2020, the letter read. "My little boy is not coming home," it read. He said that means no more Nintendo games together, taco Tuesdays, smooth-looking haircuts or "G-Man" for this world. "The person who committed this heinous, horrible crime, is the one that I gave more to (than) anyone else on this planet, and that is a burden that I will carry with me for a very long time," his letter read. Elder said the investigation has only begun and they will not stop until justice is served. Few details have been released in the case, but crews over the last few weeks have been searching in the same general area 3205

in search of migrants as they come out of courtrooms, according to multiple agencies.Both Hamilton County Clerk of Courts Aftab Pureval and Hamilton County Sheriff Jim Neil said they did not know it was happening and expressed concern that ICE's presence in the courthouse could interfere with the judicial process."I've seen them every couple of months, different agents," said Niro Wijesooriya, a bailiff in the Hamilton County Courthouse. "Usually, one or two agents show up, and come in and introduce themselves to me and say they're looking for a particular defendant that's on the docket, and that they will be outside the courtroom."He said they blended in by wearing plain clothes and went unnoticed in the courthouse.This happens in the municipal courts, According to Wijesooriya, ICE agents are showing up at municipal court cases where the most serious charges are misdemeanor domestic violence and assault. He said he was worried the presence of ICE agents could potentially deter immigrant victims and witnesses from giving testimony."So some people who are dangerous to our community might continue to be freed because of the reluctance of immigrants to testify," he said.Pureval's office said he was previously unaware of ICE's presence within the Hamilton County Courthouse and would prefer if the federal agency gave his office a courtesy call before coming.Sheriff Jim Neil agreed."I was recently advised that the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) officials arrested individuals in a municipal court at the Hamilton County Courthouse. My office was not aware of this activity — nor would I be aware of it — because my office is not responsible for security in these courtrooms," he wrote in a statement. "We are only responsible for security in the Courts of Common Pleas and the hallways within the Courthouse. Hamilton County Clerk of Courts Aftab Pureval is in charge of security in the municipal court rooms."Furthermore, my office does not have a partnership of any kind with ICE regarding these types of enforcement actions. While I do not have the authority to prohibit another law enforcement agency from entering a courthouse that is open to the public, my primary concern is that anyone who is a victim or witness to a crime should be able to fully participate in the judicial process to further justice and remove dangerous criminals from our streets."The civil rights director for the League of Latin American citizens echoed Neil's sentiment and said he believes the news that ICE enters the courthouse to look for people will prevent the immigrant community from coming to court.In a statement, ICE spokesperson Khaalid Walls wrote that current policy "instructs agency personnel to avoid conducting enforcement activities at sensitive locations unless they have prior approval from an appropriate supervisory official or in the event of exigent circumstances. The sensitive locations specified in the guidance include schools, places of worship, and hospitals. Under the policy, courthouses are not considered sensitive locations."The statement from ICE continues:Now that many law enforcement agencies no longer honor ICE detainers, these individuals, who often have significant criminal histories, are released onto the street, presenting a potential public safety threat. When ICE officers have to go out into the community to proactively locate these criminal aliens, regardless of the precautions they take, it needlessly puts our personnel and potentially innocent bystanders in harm's way.Courthouses are sometimes the only location that ICE can expect a fugitive/criminal alien to appear at a scheduled time, and courthouse visitors are typically screened upon entry to search for weapons and other contraband, so the safety risks for the arresting ICE officers and for the arrestee are substantially diminished.In such instances where ICE officers seek to conduct an arrest at a courthouse, every effort is made to take the person into custody in a secure area, out of public view, but this is not always possible.It's currently unclear if ICE has detained a suspect within the Hamilton County Courthouse before the court process.This story was originally published by Courtney Francisco on 4248