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WASHINGTON, April 20 (Xinhua) -- Those childhood music lessons could pay off decades later -- even for those who no longer play an instrument -- by keeping the mind sharper as people age, according to a preliminary study published by the American Psychological Association (APA).The study recruited 70 healthy adults age 60 to 83 who were divided into groups based on their levels of musical experience. The musicians performed better on several cognitive tests than individuals who had never studied an instrument or learned how to read music, according to the research findings published Wednesday online in the APA journal Neuropsychology."Musical activity throughout life may serve as a challenging cognitive exercise, making your brain fitter and more capable of accommodating the challenges of aging," said lead researcher Brenda Hanna-Pladdy, a clinical neuropsychologist at the University of Kansas Medical Center. "Since studying an instrument requires years of practice and learning, it may create alternate connections in the brain that could compensate for cognitive declines as we get older."The three groups of study participants included individuals with no musical training; with one to nine years of musical study; or with at least 10 years of musical training. All of the participants had similar levels of education and fitness and didn' t show any evidence of Alzheimer's disease.All of the musicians were amateurs who began playing an instrument at about 10 years of age. More than half played the piano while approximately a quarter had studied woodwind instruments such as the flute or clarinet. Smaller numbers performed with stringed instruments, percussion or brass instruments.The high-level musicians who had studied the longest performed the best on the cognitive tests, followed by the low-level musicians and non-musicians, revealing a trend relating to years of musical practice. The high-level musicians had statistically significant higher scores than the non-musicians on cognitive tests relating to visuospatial memory, naming objects and cognitive flexibility, or the brain's ability to adapt to new information.The brain functions measured by the tests typically decline as the body ages and more dramatically deteriorate in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. The results "suggest a strong predictive effect of high musical activity throughout the lifespan on preserved cognitive functioning in advanced age," the study stated.Half of the high-level musicians still played an instrument at the time of the study, but they didn't perform better on the cognitive tests than the other advanced musicians who had stopped playing years earlier. This suggests that the duration of musical study was more important than whether musicians continued playing at an advanced age, Hanna-Pladdy says."Based on previous research and our study results, we believe that both the years of musical participation and the age of acquisition are critical," Hanna-Pladdy says. "There are crucial periods in brain plasticity that enhance learning, which may make it easier to learn a musical instrument before a certain age and thus may have a larger impact on brain development."The preliminary study was correlational, meaning that the higher cognitive performance of the musicians couldn't be conclusively linked to their years of musical study. More research is needed to explore that possible link.

BEIJING, Jan. 21 (Xinhua) -- Chinese Vice Premier Li Keqiang on Friday stressed the importance that local governments improve management of land and resources, as it remains vital for the stable and relatively quick development of the nation's economy.Li said China faced the difficult tasks of land and resource management as resources are becoming scarce amid the country's quickening industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization.He said the nation must continue preserving arable land. To ensure grain security, China set a "red line" to guarantee its arable land never shrinks to less than 1.8 billion mu (120 million hectares).Chinese Vice Premier Li Keqiang (R) shakes hands with outstanding representatives from local departments in charge of land and resources in Beijing, capital of China, Jan. 21, 2011.Li also called on local authorities to step up efforts to protect valuable mineral resources while using resources more efficiently and in a frugal manner.At the same time, the senior Chinese official said land should be guaranteed for the nation's plan to build 10 million affordable houses for low and middle income people this year.Further, Li urged local authorities to improve work in monitoring and taking precautionary measures against geological disasters to ensure the safety of people's lives and property.

WASHINGTON, April 25 (Xinhua) -- Study by scientists at the Rockefeller University shows that anti-inflammatory drugs reduce the effectiveness of the most widely used class of antidepressant medications, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), taken for depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety disorders.This discovery, published online Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, may explain why so many depressed patients taking SSRIs do not respond to antidepressant treatment and suggests that this lack of effectiveness may be preventable.The study may be especially significant in the case of Alzheimer's disease. Such patients commonly suffer from depression and unless this can be treated successfully, the course of the illness is likely to be more severe. Depression in the elderly is also a risk factor for developing Alzheimer's Disease and researchers have suggested that treating depression in the elderly might reduce the risk of developing the disease.In the recent study, investigators treated mice with antidepressants in the presence or absence of anti-inflammatory drugs. They then examined how the mice behaved in tasks that are sensitive to antidepressant treatment. They found that the mice's behavioral responses to antidepressants were inhibited by anti- inflammatory/analgesic treatments.They then confirmed these effects in a human population. Depressed individuals who reported anti-inflammatory drug use were much less likely to have their symptoms relieved by an antidepressant than depressed patients who reported no anti- inflammatory drug use. The effect was rather dramatic since, in the absence of any anti-inflammatory or analgesic use, 54 percent of patients responded to the antidepressant, whereas success rates dropped to approximately 40 percent for those who reported using anti-inflammatory agents."Many elderly individuals suffering from depression also have arthritic or related diseases and as a consequence are taking both antidepressant and anti-inflammatory medications. Our results suggest that physicians should carefully balance the advantages and disadvantages of continuing anti-inflammatory therapy in patients being treated with antidepressant medications," leader author Paul Greengard said.

MOSCOW, April 12 (Xinhua) -- Does life exist on other planets beyond the solar system? Are there any other planets like the Earth in our universe? And what does the universe look like?On questions related to outer space, human beings have never stopped observing and thinking.Yuri Gagarin, who made the first manned space flight on April 12, 1961, and orbited Earth for 108 minutes before safely landing, opened a window named "space" to humankind. The Soviet cosmonaut's journey continues to be an inspiration for the world to "conquer" space -- but now for more peaceful purposes.After the Cold War, cooperation on space exploration and scientific researches has turned to a more pragmatic way. More and more countries are realizing that space programs are closely linked with their people's lives than ever before.GAGARIN'S LEGACY INSPIRES PEACEFUL COOPERATION IN SPACEThe UN General Assembly adopted a resolution earlier this month that declares April 12 the International Day of Human Space Flight. The resolution has been supported by more than 60 countries."Man's space odyssey, the fruitful cooperation of many states in outer space would have been impossible without the very first step, Yuri Gagarin's flight," said Vitaly Churkin, Russia's permanent representative to the United Nations.However, the first human space flight was actually a result of competition between the East and the West at the height of the Cold War when the Berlin Wall was built.That competition gradually evolved, however, into a joint space project that has drawn more than 15 nations -- the International Space Station (ISS). Such a project would almost impossible to imagine before.The Mars-500 project in Moscow, aimed at testing the physical and psychological strains on humans during a 500-day journey to "Mars," is another good example of the international cooperation in scientific research. The experiment included six crew members from four countries, including Russia, China, France and Italy.Compared with the times of Gagarin, who died in a 1968 plane crash,mankind has changed its approach to space exploration, rendering it more pragmatic. That's according to cosmonaut Pavel Vinogradov, now a deputy head of the Space Flight Center in the Energy Rocket-Space Corporation."Early romanticism and space race have gone. Countries have been replaced by the business-oriented cooperation in the recent decade," Vinogradov told Xinhua.Experts said the scale and costs of space explorations require massive international cooperation."Space programs have been more money-thirsty even than military programs, so the nations seek closer cooperation," Vinogradov said, "and this pays off."STARDUST YIELDS TO PRAGMATISMUnlike 50 years ago, space technologies now are more closely linked to people and more directly affect their daily lives. Nowadays, one just cannot imagine life without satellite TV or GPS.Veteran cosmonaut Georgy Grechko said orbits have become construction sites rather than military facilities and the space industry itself has swiftly evolved into just another sector of the global economy.Echoing Grechko, Vinogradov said space also is a testing ground for many other sectors, including the bio-technological and pharmaceutical industries."What is just as important, outer space has turned into a platform for close, open, and fruitful international cooperation for the benefits of global, universal peace and development," Russian President Dmitry Medvedev has said.UN General Assembly President Joseph Deiss has said that the newly established International Day of Human Space Flight should serve as an opportunity to reflect on the importance of peaceful use of space to develop essential technologies and scientific breakthroughs."Space technology is used in matters diverse, such as the fight against climate change, against desertification, and against the loss of biodiversity," Deiss said. "The satellite images provided have given essential data when it comes to avoiding the risks of natural disasters."So far, mankind has never stopped making progress beyond the earth's boundaries and the progress itself has never stopped sparking people's imagination about what is possible through the peaceful use and exploration of outer space.What's more, humankind has never stopped the space dream."The task of the government is to inject into the people an ability to dream," said Igor Zadorin, a member of Russia's National Strategy Council.Here is interesting news: NASA's head Charles Bolden arrived in Russia on the eve of Gagarin's flight anniversary and was expected to discuss Russia-U.S. cooperation on a joint flight to Mars by a nuclear-powered spacecraft.What can we expect in the future?

BEIJING, May 28 (Xinhua) -- The issue of third-party online payment permits in China this week will boost the sector's development through giving it a legal status, analysts said.The People's Bank of China (PBOC), or the central bank, on Thursday announced its first batch of electronic payment licenses to 27 qualified third-party online payment platforms, including Alipay, Tenpay and 99bill.It also stipulated that all the third-party payment businesses should obtain licenses before September, or cease doing business.The move has long been awaited after the central bank said in June last year that non-financial institution payment service would be regulated, and that all businesses involved in the service must get licenses before Sept. 1, 2011.The license covers payment transactions such as Internet payment, mobile phone payment, bank card acquiring service, issuance and accept of prepaid cards and currency exchange.The move provides a legal status for the third-party payment sector so that it can develop in a more standard and healthy way, said Zhang Meng, an analyst with Analysys International, an Internet market information provider.Third-party payment enterprises refer to those non-financial operators who work as the third party between buyers and sellers to provide payment settlement through Internet, telephones or mobile phones.China has the world's highest number of Internet users, with about 457 million netizens, among whom 148 million were active online shoppers as of the end of last year.China's online payment topped 1.09 trillion yuan (167.29 billion U.S. dollars) last year. The figure was 397.3 billion yuan in the first quarter this year, almost doubled year-on-year.99bill CEO Guan Guoguang called the issue of the third-party payment licenses "a milestone" for China's e-payment sector.Requiring that enterprises must be licensed to operate e-payment businesses will help standardize the sector, improve services and boost integration of e-payment and e-commerce, said Guan.The first group of e-payment license holders include Alipay.com Co. Ltd, a unit of Alibaba Group Holding which owns the country's largest e-commerce website Alibaba.com Co. Ltd.; China UMS, a unit of China UnionPay Co. Ltd; Tenpay.com, an e-payment platform developed by Chinese Internet giant Tencent Holdings and Shengfutong, launched by Shanda Interactive Entertainment.Five applicants, however, failed to get licenses.Businesses with licenses will attract more investment and high-end personnel, says iResearch analyst Cheng Shanbao.For those without a license, they will be merged or have to pull out of the sector, according to Yeepay CEO Tang Bin.The central bank selected enterprises that have good management and risk control systems, as well as profit prospects, Zhang Meng said.Mergers are inevitable as the cut-off date of Sept. 1 is approaching, he added.The third-party payment enterprises mainly profit from 1 to 4 percent fees, but analysts believe profits from the fees might be reduced due to fierce competition.