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HONG KONG, July 19 (Xinhua) -- A gene controlled by male hormone was critical for the growth of liver tumor, leading to a higher incidence of the disease in men than in women, according to the Chinese University of Hong Kong which made the results public on Tuesday.There is a significant gender bias in liver cancer incidence. In Hong Kong, men are three times more likely to develop liver cancer than women. Such phenomenon prompted researchers from the university to carry out a genomic location analysis in liver cancer cells starting from 2008.The researchers discovered, out of 17,000 human genes, that a gene called Cell Cycle-Related Kinase (CCRK) was directly controlled by androgen receptor. They further found that CCRK was critical for the induction of signaling pathway leading to abnormal liver cell growth and tumor formation.The results also reveal that 70 percent of patients with liver cancer were found to produce high levels of CCRK. More importantly, these patients were more likely to have late-stage cancers and lived shorter than those with low CCRK level.Using mouse models, the researchers found that either lowering the level or blocking the signaling pathway of CCRK in liver cancer cells could significantly reduce the tumor growth rate.The study has validated that CCRK is an important gene that has potential to cause liver cancer and the gene can be tested as a new targeted therapy in future.Vice-Chancellor of the university Joseph Sung, who is also team leader of the research project, said the results explained why men have a higher risk of liver cancer than women and helped push ahead with the development of a novel treatment of the disease.The above study results were published online in July in Journal of Clinical Investigation.

WASHINGTON, June 6 (Xinhua) -- The tropics and much of the Northern Hemisphere are likely to experience an irreversible rise in summer temperatures within the next 20 to 60 years if atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations continue to increase, according to a new climate study by Stanford University scientists. The results will be published later this month in the journal Climatic Change.In the study, the Stanford team concluded that many tropical regions in Africa, Asia and South America could see "the permanent emergence of unprecedented summer heat" in the next two decades. Middle latitudes of Europe, China and North America -- including the United States -- are likely to undergo extreme summer temperature shifts within 60 years, the researchers found."According to our projections, large areas of the globe are likely to warm up so quickly that, by the middle of this century, even the coolest summers will be hotter than the hottest summers of the past 50 years," said the study's lead author, Noah Diffenbaugh, an assistant professor of environmental Earth system science and fellow at the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford. The study is co-authored by Stanford research assistant Martin Scherer."When scientists talk about global warming causing more heat waves, people often ask if that means that the hottest temperatures will become 'the new normal,'" Diffenbaugh said. " That got us thinking -- at what point can we expect the coolest seasonal temperatures to always be hotter than the historically highest temperatures for that season?"To determine the seasonal impact of global warming in coming decades, Diffenbaugh and Scherer analyzed more than 50 climate model experiments -- including computer simulations of the 21st century when global greenhouse gas concentrations are expected to increase, and simulations of the 20th century that accurately " predicted" the Earth's climate during the last 50 years. The analysis revealed that many parts of the planet could experience a permanent spike in seasonal temperatures within 60 years."We also analyzed historical data from weather stations around the world to see if the projected emergence of unprecedented heat had already begun," Diffenbaugh said. "It turns out that when we look back in time using temperature records, we find that this extreme heat emergence is occurring now, and that climate models represent the historical patterns remarkably well."According to both the climate model analysis and the historical weather data, the tropics are heating up the fastest. "We find that the most immediate increase in extreme seasonal heat occurs in the tropics, with up to 70 percent of seasons in the early 21st century (2010-2039) exceeding the late-20th century maximum," the authors wrote.Tropical regions may see the most dramatic changes first, but wide swaths of North America, China and Mediterranean Europe are also likely to enter into a new heat regime by 2070, according to the study.This dramatic shift in seasonal temperatures could have severe consequences for human health, agricultural production and ecosystem productivity, Diffenbaugh said. As an example, he pointed to record heat waves in Europe in 2003 that killed 40,000 people. He also cited studies showing that projected increases in summer temperatures in the Midwestern United States could reduce the harvest of staples, such as corn and soybeans, by more than 30 percent.

SAN FRANCISCO, Sept. 13 (Xinhua) -- Microsoft released on Tuesday a test version of Windows 8 to developers, posing to regain ground of the tablet market dominated by Apple and Google.At its developer-focused BUILD conference held in Anaheim, California, the software giant handed out new Samsung tablet computers with a test version of the code-named "Windows 8," the first detailed preview of the system for developers and people outside Microsoft.Generally expected to be launched in fall 2012, Microsoft did not say when the system will ship or its price.Microsoft Windows President Steven Sinofsky introduces the new tablet running a test version of its touch-enabled Windows 8 at the Build conference in Anaheim, California September 13, 2011Featuring a home page filled with colorful application tiles, the new system boots up in seconds. Microsoft said the system will run on low-power ARM-based chips that power smartphones and tablets. Windows 8 also introduces a new "Metro style" interface, which run full-screen and users can multitask in two at a time."We reimagined Windows," said Steven Sinofsky, president of the Windows and Windows Live Division at Microsoft, in his keynote address to the thousands of developers in attendance. "From the chipset to the user experience, Windows 8 brings a new range of capabilities without compromise."Analysts said the new system is consumer-oriented and intuitive but it will take time to see whether it is an "iPad killer."As professionals and consumers began to spend more time on smartphones and tablets, Microsoft has not got a significant bite of the market, losing ground to Apple's iPad and devices running Google's Android system.

WASHINGTON, Aug. 12 (Xinhua) -- NASA announced Friday the creation of a new directorate that will focus on both the International Space Station operations and human exploration beyond low earth orbit.The Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate combines the Space Operations and Exploration Systems mission directorates. While the transition and personnel assignments will take several weeks to finalize, the directorate already is supporting space station operations. It also will manage commercial crew and cargo developmental programs; construction of the Orion Multipurpose Crew Vehicle, a spacecraft designed to travel beyond low Earth orbit; development of a new heavy lift rocket, known as the Space Launch System; and other programs within the directorates."America is opening a bold new chapter in human space exploration," NASA Administrator Charles Bolden said in a statement. "By combining the resources of Space Operations and Exploration Systems, and creating the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, we are recommitting ourselves to American leadership in space for years to come."Associate Administrator Bill Gerstenmaier will head the new organization. He previously served as the associate administrator for Space Operations.