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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — In their push to reopen schools, some political supporters of President Donald Trump have cited COVID-19 research from a group of San Diego scientists, claiming it’s evidence we could be close to herd immunity from the virus.But one of the authors of that research says that conclusion is way off.One of the most prominent supporters of the herd immunity conjecture is Dr. Scott Atlas, a neuroradiologist and senior fellow at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution who became an adviser to President Trump this month.“There’s a pretty good chance that herd immunity requires way less infections because of existing immunity out there,” Atlas said in a livestream conversation with San Diego County Supervisor Jim Desmond. “It actually may have already been reached in places like New York. We don’t know, but it’s possible.”Herd immunity is the level of protection needed to effectively stop the virus from circulating, thought to be about 70 percent of the population. The “existing immunity” to which Atlas is referring has to do with T cells.“It's just a misunderstanding of the science,” said Dr. Shane Crotty, a virologist at the La Jolla Institute for Immunology who co-authored the groundbreaking research on T cells in June.Crotty and his colleagues found that 50 percent of people unexposed to the novel coronavirus had T cells that could recognize it. Scientists refer to this as cross-reactive T cells, and the study was replicated in other countries.Proponents of the herd immunity theory take the number of people infected with the coronavirus, add the number of people with T cells that can recognize the virus, and come up with a number around the herd immunity threshold of 70 percent. But the math doesn’t work that way, according to Crotty, in part because T cells only kick in once a virus has hijacked cells, meaning T cells alone can't stop a pathogen in its tracks.“We’re not saying those 50 percent of people have protection like they’ve already had the virus,” Crotty said. “We’re saying those 50 percent of people have a head start in responding to the virus, which is a good thing but doesn’t affect herd immunity.”Since the novel coronavirus is a new pathogen, scientists did not expect people would have tools in their immune system capable of recognizing it. Unexposed people do not have cross-reactive antibodies, Crotty said.But in a study published this month in Science, Dr. Crotty and his colleagues offered a potential explanation for the surprising T cell results: they found these cross-reactive T cells also recognized four other coronavirus strains that cause common colds.Their theory: the T cells were created in response to other coronaviruses but can recognize SARS-CoV-2 like a distant relative.“It's a memory of a cousin,” Dr. Crotty said.That memory may speed up the body’s immune response, which can normally take about a week for an unknown pathogen, Crotty said. But scientists aren’t sure yet what role T cells actually play in clinical outcomes.“We have no data and and neither does anybody else as to whether these T cells really help or not,” Crotty said.To answer that question, scientists would need blood samples for lots of healthy people and then they would have to closely study individuals who got infected.The La Jolla Institute for Immunology is raising money for that kind of research, Crotty said, but they’re not there yet. 3417

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — In what's being hailed by organizers as the greatest gathering of surf legends San Diego has ever seen, the first members of San Diego's Surfing Hall of Fame will be inducted Tuesday night.The ceremony set for Belly Up Tavern in Solana Beach will celebrate 14 individuals who have made pioneering contributions to San Diego's surfing culture. "These innovators and pioneers have emerged everywhere that waves break. In this regard, San Diego has been particularly blessed," organizers write. "Our 70 miles of coastline have produced some of the most innovative shapers and wave stylists in the sport. And as everyone paddling out to the lineup knows, you have to honor those who have come before us."Surfboard craftsman Hank Warner, a legend in his own right, will play the Master of Ceremonies as the hall of fame kicks off with the inductions of:Phil Edwards (Oceanside native credited with being the first to surf the Banzai Pipeline in Hawaii and the first pro surfer.)Skip Frye (San Diegan known for his pro surf career and iconic boards.)Mike Hynson (San Diegan who costarred in the 1966 hit "The Endless Summer" and surfboard design guru.)Linda Benson (From Encinitas, a legendary pro surfer called the "Godmother of female surfing," she was the first woman to ride Waimea Bay and is an International Surfing Hall of Famer.)Tom Keck (From Coronado, an accomplished surf photographer for has documented the sport since the late 1950s and an International Surfing Hall of Fame member.)Butch Van Artsdalen (From La Jolla, a pioneering surfer who took on 25-foot waves in Hawaii to garner the title "Mr. Pipeline.")Bill Caster (A San Diego surfboard shaping icon known for Caster surfboards.)Tom Ortner (La Jolla resident and an icon in the Windansea beach community.)Ron Church (San Diegan who was a pioneering surf photographer of the California and Hawaii surf scene through the 1960s.)Carl Ekstrom (Developed the first asymmetrical boards in the late 1960s.)Larry Gordon (San Diegan who was a fixture in the boardmaking community since the 1960s.)LJ Richards (Oceanside native and pro surf legend who won the 1963 West Coast Surfing Championship, surf film actor, and International Surfing Hall of Fame member.)John Holly (Veteran Ocean Beach surfer and board shaper.)Chuck Hasley (Founder of the Windansea Surf Club of La Jolla.)Windansea Surf Club (Legendary surf club known for boasting some of the best-known surfing names.)Attendees will also enjoy live music from Jimmy Lewis, live art from Wade Koniakowsky, and a special collaboration between Warner and surf filmmaker Ira Opper. A "top-secret" list of special guest presenters is also due.Doors open at 6 p.m. and the ceremony starts at 7 p.m. Tickets cost , with reserved loft seating for . 2791

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - Monday activist groups rallied at events throughout the day with the same message, more needs to be done to stop police brutality."My son was not killed he was murdered," Richard Abuka's son, Alfred Olango, was shot and killed by police in El Cajon back in 2016.Monday morning he stood on the steps of the Hall of Justice with other activists dredging up tragedy, compelling people to hear their message that new policies to hold police accountable need to be put in place. They held a banner with the names of those lost at the hands of law enforcement throughout the county."I've been pulled over numerous times, ripped out of my car, my car searched just because I'm driving with tattoos," a former convict by the nickname "Flaco" said at the Teach-In event held at San Diego City College.The events all supporting the National Day of Actions to Stop Police Brutality."We don't need cops," panelists spoke on ways to find a solution."I do work with the police and the DAs department in training their officers, and I help run a restorative justice program that's city wide and I'm expanding it to county wide," Aeiramique Blake said. Blake

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — It has now been seven months since the pandemic began, and there are still a lot of questions about the best ways to treat patients with COVID-19.Researchers at UC San Diego are leading an effort to produce swift and reliable answers that could help doctors tailor treatments and hospitals plan bed space more efficiently.Doctors agree: the best way to fight any disease is to tailor the treatment for each individual based on their age, gender, race and other factors. But how does one doctor do that with a new disease like COVID-19, especially if their hospital has only seen a few hundred cases?“There might be some patterns you can get from 500 patients but there might be some others that you cannot,” said UCSD professor Dr. Lucila Ohno-Machado, chair of the Department of Biomedical Informatics.Dr. Ohno-Machado’s solution? Pool data.She’s leading the charge behind COVID19questions.org, a collaboration between 12 medical systems spanning more than 200 hospitals across the country.The collaboration includes several University of California health systems, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and the largest organization in the cohort, the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System.“Each hospital is a little small to answer the questions. So by having it all together, we get the answers quicker,” said Ohno-Machado.They’re going after answers on how long patients with diabetes or cancer stay in the hospital, and whether COVID-19 is deadlier for smokers or non-smokers.Their findings revealed that men are much more likely to wind up on a ventilator than women.And they quantified just how much better we’ve gotten at treating COVID-19 over time.Since May 1, hospital stays among surviving patients have shrunk more than 10 days on average. That’s important for hospital managers planning and predicting bed space.“We decided to open this to the public and to our colleagues, and then we pick which answers have not been answered before and seem to be of most general interest,” Dr. Ohno-Machado explained.If this sounds like a straightforward approach, it’s not. Patient confidentiality laws make it hard for hospitals to share data and the information released by the CDC is limited.Maintaining patient confidentiality while sharing granular data is the most groundbreaking feature of the collaboration, called Reliable Response Data Discovery or known by its Star Wars-inspired acronym, R2D2.UCSD said R2D2 differs from other patient databases and registries because each health system maintains control of data rather than sharing it in a central repository. Through advanced computer techniques, each partner agency shares aggregated data, not patient-level information.The collaboration’s research is based on what’s called “observational data,” so Dr. Ohno-Machado said it’s not a replacement for a randomized, controlled clinical trial, which takes time. She noted their data reflects lessons on hospitalized patients, not everyone infected with the virus.But she said at a time when fast answers can save lives, COVID19questions.org could help. 3161

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — In some of the most severe cases of COVID-19, doctors are finding it’s not the coronavirus making people critically ill.It’s their own immune system, and a San Diego-based biotech company thinks it has an answer.La Jolla-based INmune Bio announced Tuesday it has FDA approval to begin a Phase 2 clinical trial on its inflammation fighting drug, Quellor.In many of the sickest COVID patients, doctors have noticed their blood is filled with high levels of immune proteins called cytokines. Cytokines act as messengers between cells and the virus can cause them to go haywire, setting off what’s known as a cytokine storm.In a cytokine storm, the body’s immune system starts to attack its own cells and tissues rather than the virus. During the Spanish Flu of 1918, many of the deaths were caused by cytokine storms.“You need to control the cytokine storm to keep patients from getting sick,” said INmune Bio’s CEO Dr. R.J. Tesi.There are several different types of cytokines. A drug undergoing testing in a federal trial with remdesivir targets a cytokine called beta interferon.The San Diego biotech’s drug Quellor suppresses a very specific cytokine called soluble tumor necrosis factor, which Dr. Tesi calls “the master cytokine” because of its role in triggering other immune proteins.Dr. Tesi said this particular cytokine may contribute to another troubling issue with COVID-19: blood clotting.“When they write the history of COVID-19, the clots are going to be the bad guy,” Dr. Tesi said. “These blood clots go off everywhere and they gum up the works. They make it so the lungs can't work. They make it so the kidneys can't work. They make it so the heart is screwed up. Make it so you have strokes.”INmune Bio, which is publicly traded but has just six full-time employees, is hoping its drug can address both the blood clots and the inflammation.The company plans to enroll 366 hospitalized COVID-19 patients for a Phase 2 trial to see if intervention with Quellor can keep people off ventilators and out of the ICU. 2053