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 Two 250,000-year-old teeth from two Neanderthal children revealed that both of them were exposed to lead twice during their short lifetimes, the first known case of lead exposure in Neanderthals.An international team of researchers studied the two teeth, as well as one from a modern human child who lived 5,000 years ago. All of them are from the same archaeological site in southeast France. The results of their analysis were published Wednesday in the journal Science Advances."Traditionally, people thought lead exposure occurred in populations only after industrialization, but these results show it happened prehistorically, before lead had been widely released into the environment," said Christine Austin, study co-author and assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. "Our team plans to analyze more teeth from our ancestors and investigate how lead exposures may have affected their health and how that may relate to how our bodies respond to lead today."And as with tree rings, researchers used the teeth to determine key events in the children's lives. During childhood, new teeth layers are formed each day, capturing chemical signatures that can be traced."Teeth record environmental variation based on the climate, even where you're growing up," said Tanya Smith, lead author of the study and associate professor at Griffith University. "That's possible because when you're growing, your teeth you actually lock in a record of the chemistry of the water and the food that you're eating and drinking. Because teeth have these tiny timelines, we can relate the chemistry to the growth to calculate ancient climate records. We can't do that with any other element of the body."They were able to determine that one of the Neanderthal children was born in the spring and that both children were more likely to be sick during the colder winter seasons. They lived through more extreme seasons with a greater variation in temperature than the modern human child who was also studied.The intact teeth had growth rings, which the researchers used to measure barium, lead and oxygen. Lasers targeted tiny spots in the teeth to map their chemistry and reconstruct ancient climate records. This reconstruction was able to map a weekly scale of variation, showing when the summer and winter seasons happened and how long they lasted. The researchers related this back to the individual's growth."This study reports a major breakthrough in the reconstruction of ancient climates, a significant factor in human evolution, as temperature and precipitation cycles influenced the landscapes and food resources our ancestors relied on," Smith said.The growth rings also provided evidence of nursing."We were able to identify milk intake through breastfeeding in one individual based on a trace element called barium," Smith said. "We were able to time that to the season."That individual nursed for 2? years, which is similar to modern human children who lived in hunter-gatherer environments. "This is something we may share in common with Neanderthals," Smith said. Unfortunately, although the Neanderthal child survived infancy, it did not reach adulthood. The ages of the children were not included in the study.The researchers believe that the children were exposed to lead environmentally, either inhaling or ingesting it."That must have come from natural deposits in the area, whether they were going into an underground environment or they were eating contaminated food that was incorporated into their growing bones and teeth," Smith said.Smith believes that this research emphasizes the different levels of information that can be taken from teeth."We've now got the ability to integrate ancient climate data with health history, nursing history and illness," she said. "To be able to get all that information from a single sample 250,000 years ago is a unique opportunity."But this doesn't just apply to studying those who lived before us."Dietary patterns in our early life have far-reaching consequences for our health, and by understanding how breastfeeding evolved, we can help guide the current population on what is good breastfeeding practice," said Manish Arora, study co-author and vice chairman of the Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health at the Icahn School of Medicine. "Our research team is working on applying these techniques in contemporary populations to study how breastfeeding alters health trajectories including those of neurodevelopment, cardiac health and other high-priority health outcomes." 4648

SAN DIEGO (KGTV and CNS) — A felony assault charge with a hate crime allegation has been filed against a man who allegedly assaulted a 16-year-old Syrian refugee and used a racial epithet during the attack while the two rode a San Diego trolley.Adrian Vergara, 26, pleaded not guilty to the charge Thursday afternoon.Vergara hid from view Thursday with his head down, at one point standing on the table with his back to the judge. RELATED: Man accused of San Diego trolley hate crime has long rap sheetProsecutors say the victim was on the trolley speaking to his friend in Arabic when Vergara reportedly asked “what trash are you speaking.” When the victim replied that he was speaking Arabic, Vergara reportedly hit the man repeatedly in the face. "The defendant started saying 'F***ing' Arabs, and he began assaulting the teenager while he sat on the trolley," said deputy district attorney Leonard Trinh. Trinh says Vergara hit the boy 5 to 6 times, causing minor injuries to below his eye. RELATED: Man accused of attacking Syrian refugee aboard trolley car arrestedThe victim has not come forward, but released a statement Wednesday through an agency. "My parents brough us to this country so that we may be safe and go to school and have better lives, and this attack brought fear to them," the victim said. "However, I am very happy I reported this crime and that the attacker was found."Vergara is being held without bail because he violated probation for a prior robbery and vehicle theft. He faces up to 11 years in prison if convicted of the assault by force likely to cause great body injury, which carries hate crime escalation. RELATED: Teen attacked on trolley in possible hate crime10News Wednesday learned that Vergara has a history of violence. In 2012, documents say he threatened a man with a club. In 2013, Vergara completed an anger management program. In 2015, a case was dismissed accusing Vergara of attacking another man and in 2016, he was charged with grand theft and burglary for breaking into the Central Library. In late 2016, documents show Vergara violated a restraining order against his ex-girlfriend, kicking her front door, texting her and in a phone call, cursing at her and saying, "if you don't talk to me I'm going to go to your job and cause a scene. I don't care about my life."Documents show he called her 20 times in 30 minutes.Court documents also show a carjacking charge at the beginning of 2017.Later in 2017, Vergara was charged for beating a man at the MTS Imperial Transit Center. The most recent document shows he violated a court order, put in place to prevent domestic violence in January 2019. 2659

(AP) -- College is a major milestone for many U.S. teens, the first time they've been on their own. But this fall, amid pandemic restrictions, many are struggling. They face social distancing requirements, mask mandates and daily temperature checks, as well as quarantine and isolation. Not to mention online learning glitches and anxiety over whether to join partiers or hole up in dorm rooms or at home to stay safe. This is freshman year 2020 for many students. Many colleges are offering an array of services to help students cope. But says one California student, "I’ve completely forgotten about having a normal freshman year.” 641

"Lemonade stand! Snack bar!" they shout loudly. At the corner of Peabody Drive and Hardy Cash Drive in Hampton, Virginia you'll find a group of determined kids."We are raising money for single mothers that are struggling. They have to do so much on their own," said 11-year-old Cartier Carey.Cartier is the leader of the "Carti Pack" and CEO of his lemonade stand, one unlike any other."We sell lemonade, chips, candy - all types of stuff that people want, and it's not expensive," he said.Each dollar spent towards a cup of the summertime drink and goodies on the side goes towards buying diapers for local families in need."The diapers are for mothers or anyone that has babies," Cartier said.It's an unusual business model, but one that's working."There's a shortage of Pampers and wipes in the stores because of the pandemic, so this couldn't have come at a better time," said Anthony Carey, Cartier's dad.A rising sixth-grader like Cartier and his friends could be out playing sports or riding bikes, but instead, they're helping single mothers in the community."There are a lot of grown-ups out there not doing what we're doing," Cartier said."As a parent, it makes me feel spectacular," Anthony said.This lemonade stand isn't a first for Cartier. He started the non-profit Kids 4 Change 757 about a year ago."Not only are they helping older adults, but [they're also] helping children see they can make a change inside of their community," Anthony said.So far this week, Cartier and his friends have raised ,200, most of which is going to buy the diapers."I'm shocked," Cartier said.Cartier and his friends will be out in Hampton at the corner of Peabody Drive and Hardy Cash Drive through Friday.WTKR's Chelsea Donovan first reported this story. 1763

"This is 170 pounds of twisted steel and sex appeal."That's what Jeffrey Mattox wrote with a selfie he posted on Facebook on January 25.The problem is Mattox is a federal inmate housed at Lackawanna County Prison and he is not supposed to have a cell phone."It's scary, it's actually scary because they're in there for a reason, they're not in there to play around and how that cell phone got in there, that is the question,” said Colleen Mowery of Carbondale, Pennsylvania.Mattox posted other pictures of himself, which appear to be snapped inside the prison.Lackawanna County officials say there is an investigation underway and contraband has been seized, but they will not say more than that.Mattox, who is locked up on drug and assault charges, regularly chatted with friends and family here, telling them to call him or even video chat.He gave out his cell phone number, too.When a reporter ried to call it, there was a message that the subscriber we dialed was not in service.We spoke with one man who has spent time locked up in Lackawanna County."My reaction was like, 'Wow, how could that happen?' like, I mean, I see stuff going through the jail all the time, but a phone? It's crazy. That is pretty dumb, like catch a lot more charges for that,” said Brandon Howey of Scranton.This is the latest scandal to hit the Lackawanna County Prison.Earlier this year, six corrections officers were arrested and charged with sexually assaulting female inmates."I think he's in good with the guards and guards are bringing, the ones bringing the stuff in, that's the only way it's getting in there. Just got to tighten down the security with the guards, maybe clean house,” said Todd Mowery of Carbondale. 1714