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There's a simple thing many of us having been missing during the pandemic that has a big impact on our health and well-being — hugs from our loved ones.A neuroscientist tells us many are dealing with what researchers call "skin hunger." It's a phenomenon where we can feel emotionally lost of something without physical contact.“And that which is missing is something that normally provides us with some contentment, some solace, some feeling that we're safe and that we're amongst others who we can rely on as a bio-behavioral resource,” said Emiliana Simon-Thomas, PhD, Science Director at the Greater Good Science Center at UC Berkeley.Simon-Thomas says hugs can help us communicate trust and support. She says even incidental moments of touch in the community, like brushing shoulders at a concert or giving someone a high-five, can help you feel reassurance.“I'm really worried about people who are absolutely alone,” she said. “I worry a lot about people who are ill and are in a situation where they're not allowed to be in company their loved ones.”For those people, she suggests focusing on a memory of the last time they hugged someone they love.It may sound odd, but some researchers also suggest hugging yourself.Touch is also associated with better heart health and higher levels of oxytocin in the brain. That's what helps us form bonds with other people. 1377

Top health officials are considering “pooled testing” as a way to ramp up COVID-19 tests.Here's how it works:Instead of testing each sample individually, labs pool together a certain amount, like 10, in one tube with one test.If it's negative, you double check it, and then you're done.If there's a positive, you break it down either into smaller pools or individually for further testing.“So, there are advantages, mostly cost savings, that's the huge advantage of pooling, also the ability to go through a very large volume of specimens,” said Dr. Thomas Quinn, an infectious disease researcher at National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesQuinn worked in one of many labs that used the pooling technique during the HIV epidemic in the 1980s. He says the difference between then and now is the tests themselves.Pooling dilutes the samples. The HIV tests were very accurate, so that wasn't an issue, but with COVID-19, the tests aren't as reliable.The other problem is pooling takes more time in the lab, even with robotic equipment helping.“We need to get everyone tested and everyone wants to know what's the result of my test within 24 hours. That's very hard to do with pooling,” said Quinn.Quinn isn't recommending pooling for individual testing right now. He says it could be more useful in big surveys, when it's not an emergency. 1357

Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a warning letter to JUUL Labs Inc. for marketing unauthorized modified risk tobacco products by engaging in labeling, advertising, and/or other activities directed to consumers, including a presentation given to youth at a school. The agency also sent a letter to the company expressing concern, and requesting more information, about several issues raised in a recent Congressional hearing regarding JUUL’s outreach and marketing practices, including those targeted at students, tribes, health insurers and employers. 578

There's a renewed push to reform qualified immunity, a legal doctrine that protects police officers, along with some others, from civil lawsuits.In Congress, Sen. Justin Amash of Michigan proposed a bill to eliminate qualified immunity entirely. It has bipartisan support.Understanding why qualified immunity was established could help inform a vision for the future.Imagine a scenario where you're walking down the street and someone clearly violates your rights. The rule of law says they should be held accountable and you'd expect that they would. But can the same be said about police officers who violate a person’s rights?Qualified immunity protects public employees, like police officers, from being held personally liable for knowingly violating someone else’s rights, as long as the officer didn’t break any “clearly-established” laws in the process.Critics argue qualified immunity tilts the scales of justice and makes it hard to hold officers accountable for crimes they admit to committing.The legal path that led to qualified immunity started with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1871. Congress declared that every American has the right to sue any public employees who violate their rights.Then, in the late 1960s, a Supreme Court ruling would start morphing the concept into what we know today.It was 1967 when the court granted exceptions to police officers accused of violating rights if they acted in good faith and believed their actions were within the law. Another ruling, in 1982, shifted the burden entirely to the citizen, requiring they prove the officer’s actions broke a “clearly-established” right.That means presenting a case where the Supreme Court found an official guilty of the same “particular conduct” under the same “specific context” as is being alleged. Without it, the officer is protected from liability.The Supreme Court granted one exception for a particularly cruel case in 2002.In June 2020, the Court declined to take up a petition asking it to re-examine qualified immunity. The order was unsigned, and Justice Clarence Thomas was the only one to write a dissent.He wrote the “qualified immunity doctrine appears to stray from the statutory text.”Justice Thomas and Justice Sonia Sotomayor have urged the court to take up the doctrine multiple times in the past. In 2018, Justice Ruth Bader-Ginsburg joined in a dissent authored by Justice Sotomayor. It said that the way the Court previously ruled on qualified immunity had established “an absolute shield for law enforcement officers.” 2550

There will be two new headquarters for Amazon, with 25,000 people in each location.Amazon has not announced which two cities the headquarters will be in, but that information is expected later this week, according to?the Wall Street Journal.The HQ2 split will happen because of a lack of technology talent.It has been more than a year since the company sought proposals from cities desiring to be home to the headquarters. Amazon's current headquarters is in Seattle and has led to problematic traffic and increased housing costs. Those concerns spurred the need to move and to split into two locations, the WSJ reports.  639