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While the second Monday in October is traditionally when Columbus Day is observed, many communities have opted to celebrate Indigenous Peoples’ Day instead.Columbus Day became a federal holiday in 1937. For many, the holiday is a way of honoring the achievements of Christopher Columbus and celebrating Italian-American heritage, according the History Channel.However, the explorer and his holiday have generated controversy. Although Columbus was the first European to explore the Americas since the Vikings established colonies in the 10th century, the History Channel says he viewed the native people as obstacles.Columbus is accused of labeling the indigenous people as “Indians.” Other points of controversy revolve around the use of violence and slavery, the forced conversion of native people to Christianity, and the introduction of deadly diseases.As a result of these points, Native Americans and other groups have protested the celebration of Columbus Day, viewing it as a celebration of the colonization of America, the beginning of the slave trade, and the deaths of natives from murder and disease.In the past few years, there’s been a movement to replace Columbus Day with Indigenous Peoples’ Day, which honors Native American histories and cultures. Several states now celebrate or observe that holiday instead of or in conjunction with Columbus Day.A total of 14 states, Washington D.C. and more than 130 cities observe Indigenous Peoples’ Day, USA Today reports. Those states are Alabama, Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Vermont and Wisconsin. 1648

With news of two highly effective COVID-19 vaccines on the horizon, health officials and scientists are giving us new insight into how we could gain herd immunity."If we think of the population as a single group of people with all similar risks and susceptibilities and behaviors, we need 60% of people to be immune, meaning that not only they don’t get sick, but also they don't pass on the virus to other people," says Dr. Stuart Ray, an infectious disease professor and herd immunity expert at Johns Hopkins University.Dr. Ray says achieving herd immunity with the help of a COVID-19 vaccine would mean enough people would either get the vaccine or already have recovered from the virus and be immune to help stop the spread of the virus."It's a little bit like this notion that if you’re going to pass on a message from a lot of people in a group, they have to speak the same language. And the more people don't speak the language, the harder it's going to be to pass that message and there’s a threshold at which the message just gets stopped," says Dr. Ray.Still, it would take a certain number of people to get the vaccine and have that immunity last in order to reach herd immunity. Stanford University's Dr. Bali Pulendran hopes that we can achieve herd immunity, even though there are a certain number of people who are still hesitant to take the vaccine."I think we should remember that a vaccine that is 95% effective is only effective if the majority of people in a population take it. If only half the population or only 60% of the population take it, then we are unlikely to have achieved the level of herd immunity that you need for curbing the disease," says Dr. Pulendran.And if the new COVID-19 vaccine requires two doses, how crucial will it be to make sure people receive that second round of immunization?Asked whether follow up will be a concern, Dr. Ray says, "I think it is a possible concern. We’re going to do a lot of learning. So, one of the things we’ve learned is that some vaccines we thought you needed multiple doses, one dose works pretty well."Doctors say research will be ongoing on the vaccine and the virus itself to ensure people will be protected as much as possible, because so many are hopeful for an end to COVID-19. 2268

With immigration restrictions in place and limits on foreign workers, programs like the J-1 visa teacher program have been put on hold. This has impacted both foreign teachers in the US and those who were scheduled to teach here.Melvin Inojosa and Stella Indiongco are both from the Philippines, working in the U.S. as part of the J-1 Visa teacher program. The program gives foreign educators the opportunity to teach in the U.S.“We have teachers in about 15 states right now” James Bell, the chief operating officer at Alliance Abroad, said.Alliance Abroad is one of many cultural exchange organizations connecting foreign teachers to U.S. schools and sponsoring them.“COVID has significantly impacted everything relating to J-1 teachers,” Bell said. “The president's proclamation on immigration essentially suspended J-1 teachers into coming into the country. And I have upwards of 100 that should be here by now.”President Donald Trump announced an extension to a temporary ban on foreign workers back in June. Based on immigration service data, the number of people affected was estimated at 500,000 people. The exact number of teachers impacted is unclear.The restrictions only apply to new workers coming to the U.S. For current workers, it means something else.“My close friend...is supposed to go back home because it's the end of her fifth year,” Indiongco said. “But because of the pandemic and shortage of teachers and freeze hiring, her district actually let her stay and extend another year.”Some teachers with expiring contracts were asked to stay. Indiongco herself had already planned to be in the U.S. for two more years, but her summer plans were impacted.“I wasn't able to see my family at all this year,” she said. The same happened for Inojosa.“My hair is already long because I only get my haircut in the Philippines. Every summer...we go back to the Philippines,” Inojosa said.The purpose of the decades-old cultural exchange program is to introduce American students to other cultures -- something that has also been hindered due to COVID-19.“I use food to share my culture,” Inojosa said. “They said it’s kind of a bad timing to gather and eat together, so right now we are limited to our actions regarding sharing our culture.”“I wasn't able to do any cultural exchange activity at all,” Indiongco said.J-1 teachers are navigating a new challenge. A new way of teaching, away from their home country. Inojosa and Indiongco are both pivoting to online learning.Inojosa’s typically full classroom with projects decorating the walls and shelves, will look a little more empty this year. The future of teaching and the J-1 program remains largely unknown.“The immigration ban will be in play through the end of December,” Bell said. That date could change. Current teachers fear this could make the program less desirable moving forward.“Since all the J-1 visas are not processed at all, they're stuck because they have no work there. They have no work here because they cannot come anyway,” Indiongco said.“Some of my friends waited for a very long time to grab this opportunity to enjoy the J-1 program,” Inojosa said.“J-1 visa is like a bridge to our dreams, coming from a third world country. I hate to say it, but coming from a third world country, everything is kind of slow,” Indiongco said.Even with the changing climate, Indiongco and Inojosa are gearing up to teach their students in whatever form necessary.“If I'm called to do my job, I will definitely do it,” Inojosa said. 3516

WILBRAHAM, Mass. (AP) — Friendly’s Restaurants, an East Coast dining chain known for its Fribble milkshake and ice cream sundaes, is filing for bankruptcy protection.All 130 of its locations will remain open while it restructures under Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.Substantially all of its assets are being sold to the restaurant company, Amici Partners Group.“Over the last two years, Friendly’s has made important strides toward reinvigorating our beloved brand in the face of shifting demographics, increased competition, and rising costs,” said George Michel, the company's CEO. “We achieved this by delivering menu innovation, re-energizing marketing, focusing on take-out, catering and third-party delivery, establishing a better overall experience for customers, and working closely with our franchisees and restaurant teams. Unfortunately, like many restaurant businesses, our progress was suddenly interrupted by the catastrophic impact of COVID-19, which caused a decline in revenue as dine-in operations ceased for months and re-opened with limited capacity."The pandemic has hit the restaurant sector hard, particularly those that rely on people in their dining rooms.At least 10 chains have filed for bankruptcy protection since the pandemic began this year.But Friendly’s Restaurant, like most other chains that have stumbled this year, had been struggling. The Wilbraham, Massachusetts, company filed for bankruptcy protection in 2011 as well. 1470

With COVID-19 cases surging across the country, public health officials and ICU doctors are pleading with Americans to reconsider gathering with family members ahead of the Thanksgiving holiday for fear of spreading the virus even further.“We really don’t have a national or even multi-state plan, and that worries me,” said Dr. Stephen Morse with Columbia University.While he strongly recommends against it, Dr. Morse knows inevitably some people will still get together on Thursday. His advice is to have a multi-layered safety approach.The first layer involves testing. He’s urging people to avoid those rapid tests if they can because they’re less accurate.With so many Americans trying to get tested right now, officials also say it’s important to plan ahead and be prepared to potentially not get results back before Thanksgiving.“Testing is really important because it’s the only way we can find people who aren’t obviously sick and stop them,” Dr. Morse added.Health officials say if you are planning a small family gathering, get tested before you see high-risk family members. Americans are also being urged to consider virtual holiday gatherings whenever possible.If you are gathering with people outside your household, eat in separate rooms or consider eating outdoors.“What I’ve seen is once it gets into a family, because we let our guard down around our family, everybody gets infected,” explained Dr. John Coleman, who works in the ICU at Northwestern University’s teaching hospital in Chicago.Dr. Coleman says there are just too many variables to consider when it comes to gathering for Thanksgiving this year.“I think we are on the cusp of some very, very dark months. What we’ve seen is the increase of COVID across the nation is going to eventually stress the health system.” 1804