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Neanderthals may not have been that different from us, after all.New evidence reveals that they created the world's oldest known cave paintings and even wore seashells as body ornaments. Both behaviors suggest that they thought symbolically and had an artistic sensibility like modern humans. Two studies published Thursday in the journal Science detail the latest findings."Undoubtedly it is showing that Neanderthals were thinking and behaving just like modern humans," Alistair Pike, co-author of the studies and professor of archaeological sciences at the University of Southampton, wrote in an email."We should no longer think of them as a different species, just humans in different places," he said.The new findings of symbolic thinking show that Neanderthals and modern humans were cognitively indistinguishable, the researchers said.Cave paintings and artifacts like painted seashells have long been regarded as the work of early modern humans, who were thought to have more advanced cognitive abilities than Neanderthals. Dating cave paintings can be a difficult process, and unreliable techniques never allowed for the possibility that these could be the work of Neanderthals.Until now, that is. A new technique called Uranium-Thorium dating is less destructive, is more accurate and can go back further in time than other methods. U-Th dating looks at the deposits of carbonate on top of the paint, which contain traces of uranium and thorium that indicate when those deposits formed. That allows the researchers to determine an age for what's under the deposits.The researchers applied this technique to paintings in the La Pasiega, Maltravieso and Ardales caves in Spain, which had never received "robust" dating. The paintings include red and black images of animals, dots, lines, disks and other geometric signs. There also are engravings, hand prints and hand stencils.Those hand stencils are particularly significant, and not just because they represent the hand size of a Neanderthal."A red line, a red dot or even a positive hand print could potentially be made 'accidentally,' " wrote Dirk Hoffmann, lead author of the studies and archaeologist with the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, in an email."Of course, I am sure that this is not the case, since you would still need to bring [in] light and pigment, but one could argue that all you need is some pigment on your hand when you lean against a wall. A hand stencil cannot be explained like that. You have to hold your hand against the wall and the deliberately spray pigment over this. This is why we emphasize the hand stencil."The dating revealed that the cave art was created more than 64,000 years ago -- 20,000 years before modern humans appeared in what is now considered Europe.The shells were found in the Cueva de los Aviones, a sea cave in southeastern Spain. They are unique because they are perforated with holes and colored with red and yellow pigment. Others served as containers for the mineral pigments themselves. The pigments were used on the shells but could have also been used for the cave paintings and even as body paint.The deposit layer containing the shells dated to 115,000 years ago, which is even older than other shells recovered in Africa that were dated to modern humans."The standard archaeological interpretation of such finds is that they are body ornaments," Hoffmann said. "Similar finds were made in Africa or the Levant with similar age. In Africa or the Levant, these were made by modern humans, in Spain Neanderthals made them. So in terms of symbolism, early modern humans and Neanderthals were similar."The researchers are absolutely confident in their dating technique."We have spent 10 years refining the technique and have numerous quality controls," Pike said. "The dates respect the growth axis of the deposits we are dating, the oldest closest to the painting, the youngest at the surface."Once modern humans left Africa and migrated to Europe and other areas, mixing with the Neanderthals would've been inevitable. The researchers believe that the Neanderthals created this artwork on their own, without being influenced by any other population. But it's possible that they exchanged symbolism or that Neanderthals influenced the art and symbolism of modern humans. Modern humans were capable of symbolic behavior, so it "turns the who's copying who debate on its head," Pike said."The idea that culture only evolved with modern humans no longer makes sense," Pike said. Hoffmann suggested that Neanderthals now be referred to as "very close cousins" of modern humans.Is it possible that anyone else may have created the cave paintings?Pike said it is incredibly doubtful that a population of early modern humans migrated to Europe so early without any other evidence to suggest it."We cannot of course rule out that pre-Neanderthal populations made the art," Pike said. "This sounds like a project for the future."Hoffmann, Pike and their colleagues want to use their new dating technique in more caves in Spain, as well as France and Italy -- and anywhere else Neanderthals are known to lived.The findings also raise new questions for researchers."How far back does symbolic behavior go? Can it be traced to the last common ancestor of modern humans and Neanderthals? This is perhaps where we should be looking," Pike said. 5398

NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) — Grammy-winning country group The Dixie Chicks have dropped the word dixie from their name, now going by The Chicks. The group made of Martie Maguire, Natalie Maines, and Emily Strayer posted a statement on their website saying they wanted to meet "this moment."The group also acknowledged that there was an existing band in New Zealand that allowed them "to share their name." The move follows a decision by country group Lady Antebellum to change to Lady A after acknowledging the word's association to slavery. That band received criticism with their switch after a Black singer revealed she'd been performing as Lady A for years. 664

MIRAMAR, Calif. (KGTV) - Marine Corps Air Station Miramar unleashed the potential of their renewable energy powered grid Tuesday to support San Diego during a heat wave."We've reached a point where we really need to take action to conserve," Jessica Packard, Communications Manager at SDG&E, said. The California Independent System Operator issued a Flex Alert spanning Sunday through Wednesday, which forced SDG&E to begin hour long rotating black outs across the county.Mick Wasco, Installation Energy Manager at MCAS Miramar, said they have a great relationship with SDG&E and heard over the weekend the power grid was at maximum capacity.Wasco said they took action, "although not entirely ready we did whatever we could to get our system online and help support as soon as possible."Wasco said the base has been working on a microgrid for more than a decade. It is powered by three sources: solar, landfill gas in partnership with Fortistar, and a power plant that uses natural gas and diesel, created in partnership with Schneider Electric and Black and Veatch.Wasco said the power plant works smarter, "these are not backup generators, these are generators with the best equipment possible to clean the emissions."The system succeeded Tuesday, eliminating six megawatts of usage from San Diego's grid. That saved about 2,000 homes from going dark."I don't know that everybody knows what we're capable of doing at Miramar and I think the goal is over the next couple years is to demonstrate that," Wasco said.The system has won multiple awards, including the 2019 Secretary of Defense Environmental Award for Sustainability and the Environmental Protection Agency's National Award for Energy in 2015."I think this is only the beginning and we can greatly improve our abilities in the coming years," Wasco said he wants to continue working with businesses and the community to utilize the system the most efficient and beneficial way possible.The system was initially needed to power the base during a disaster. The Navy calls for bases to be able to power themselves for two weeks. MCAS Miramar can power themselves without extra supplies for three weeks.Wasco said if they did get supplies, like diesel, they could potentially power themselves indefinitely. 2280

NASA has tapped nine astronauts to become the first to launch to space from American soil since the Space Shuttle program was retired in 2011.The seven men and two women will also be the first astronauts to fly in capsules developed and built by the private sector as part of NASA's Commercial Crew Program.Since 2011, the United States has relied on Russia to ferry astronauts to the space station. SpaceX and Boeing were picked by NASA in 2014 to develop spacecrafts to return that capability to the United States, and both companies are slated to launch their first crewed missions in the next year. Some, however, deem that target ambitious.During an announcement Friday to introduce the astronauts at Johnson Space Center in Texas, NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine said the "health of NASA and our space exploration program is as strong as it's ever been."All nine astronauts have military experience, and most are seasoned veterans of space. 957

MILWAUKEE, Wis. -- A Wisconsin man is accused of driving across Milwaukee with the body of a man who had fatally overdosed in the passenger seat for 13 hours straight.The Washington County Sheriff’s Office said Thursday it has arrested the 34-year-old man in connection to the death of the victim, whose lifeless body was later found in the Allenton Marsh.The sheriff’s office says the suspect, whom they did not name, was last seen with the victim, 30-year-old Stephen Lombard, in the Village of Jackson on July 27.A missing persons investigation was launched with the assistance of the Wisconsin Division of Criminal Investigations.A several-month-long investigation eventually concluded that on the night of July 27, Lombard and the suspect were in Milwaukee using illegal narcotics.Investigators believe that at some time, Lombard stopped breathing while inside the suspect’s vehicle. The suspect did not seek medical aid, authorities say, and Lombard died from a probable drug overdose.The suspect then drove around Milwaukee with Lombard's body still in the passenger seat for the next 13 hours. During that time, the suspect used the victim's debit card at several locations, authorities say.Investigators believe the suspect then discarded Lombard’s body on July 28 in the Allenton Marsh, off CTH W, north of CTH S in the Town of Addison.That's where authorities found a body they believe to be Lombard's.DNA analysis will be required for positive identification. An autopsy was completed and the results are pending, the Washington County Sheriff’s Office says.“It is unconscionable to think that someone would have such wanton disregard for human life to not seek medical attention for someone in need," said Washington County Sheriff Martin Schulteis in a statement."It shocks the conscience to think that they would then drive around with the body for thirteen hours while emptying the victim’s bank account and eventually discarding the body like a piece of trash," he said. 1995